Background
To investigate the association between the risk of lung cancer and short‐term body mass index (BMI) changes in male never‐smokers of a large population‐based prospective study.
Methods
A ...total of 37,085 male never‐smokers from Kailuan cohort with at least ≥2 BMI measurements were recruited in the present study. The BMI change in the follow‐up was calculated as the annual percent change between BMI at last examination and that at baseline, and categorized into five groups: stable (−0.1 to <0.1 kg/m2/year), minor loss (−1.0 to <0.1 kg/m2/year) or gain (0.1 to <1.0 kg/m2/year), and major loss (<−1.0 kg/m2/year) or gain (≥1.0 kg/m2/year). The hazards ratios (HRs) and its 95% confidence intervals (CI) were estimated using Cox regression models.
Results
During a median follow‐up of 5.16 years, 224 lung cancer cases were identified. We found a U‐shaped association between BMI changes and lung cancer risk. Compared to men with stable BMI, those with major loss had a nearly twofold higher risk of lung cancer (HR = 1.97, 95% CI: 1.12–3.45), as well as those with major gain had more than twofold higher risk of lung cancer (HR = 2.15, 95% CI: 1.15–4.02). The associations existed when the analysis was stratified by BMI, waist circumference and blood lipids, and lipoproteins concentration at baseline examination.
Conclusions
The dramatic changes in BMI, both gain and loss, might increase lung cancer risk. The control of body weight would be a potential way for lung cancer prevention especially for the nonsmokers.
We investigated the association between the risk of lung cancer and short‐term body mass index (BMI) changes. A total of 37,085 male never‐smokers from a perspective cohort were included; the hazards ratios and 95% confidence intervals were estimated using Cox regression models, and the association between dramatic changes in BMI and the increasing lung cancer risk was found.
Screening adherence is important in reducing colorectal cancer (CRC) incidence and mortality. Disparity in CRC screening adherence was observed in populations of different socioeconomic status (SES), ...but the direction and strength of the association remained unclear.
We aimed to systematically review all the observational studies that have analyzed the association between SES and adherence to organized CRC screening based on fecal occult blood tests.
We systematically reviewed the studies in PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science and reference lists of relevant reviews from the inception of the database up until June 7, 2023. Individual SES, neighborhood SES, and small-area SES were included, while any SES aggregated by geographic areas larger than neighbors were excluded. Studies assessing SES with any index or score combining indicators of income, education, deprivation, poverty, occupation, employment, marital status, cohabitation, and others were included. A random effect model meta-analysis was carried out for pooled odds ratios (ORs) and relative risks for adherence related to SES.
Overall, 10 studies, with a total of 3,542,379 participants and an overall adherence rate of 64.9%, were included. Compared with low SES, high SES was associated with higher adherence (unadjusted OR 1.73, 95% CI 1.42-2.10; adjusted OR 1.53, 95% CI 1.28-1.82). In the subgroup of nonindividual-level SES, the adjusted association was significant (OR 1.57, 95% CI 1.26-1.95). However, the adjusted association was insignificant in the subgroup of individual-level SES (OR 1.46, 95% CI 0.98-2.17). As for subgroups of the year of print, not only was the unadjusted association significantly stronger in the subgroup of early studies (OR 1.97, 95% CI 1.59-2.44) than in the subgroup of late studies (OR 1.43, 95% CI 1.31-1.56), but also the adjusted one was significantly stronger in the early group (OR 1.86, 95% CI 1.43-2.42) than in the late group (OR 1.26, 95% CI 1.14-1.39), which was consistent and robust. Despite being statistically insignificant, the strength of the association seemed lower in studies that did not adjust for race and ethnicity (OR 1.31, 95% CI 1.21-1.43) than the overall estimate (OR 1.53, 95% CI 1.28-1.82).
The higher-SES population had higher adherence to fecal occult blood test-based organized CRC screening. Neighborhood SES, or small-area SES, was more competent than individual SES to be used to assess the association between SES and adherence. The disparity in adherence between the high SES and the low SES narrowed along with the development of interventions and the improvement of organized programs. Race and ethnicity were probably important confounding factors for the association.
Brachial plexus avulsion often results in massive motor neuron death and severe functional deficits of target muscles. However, no satisfactory treatment is currently available. Hypoxia-inducible ...factor 1α is a critical molecule targeting several genes associated with ischemia-hypoxia damage and angiogenesis. In this study, a rat model of brachial plexus avulsion-reimplantation was established, in which C5-7 ventral nerve roots were avulsed and only the C6 root reimplanted. Different implants were immediately injected using a microsyringe into the avulsion-reimplantation site of the C6 root post-brachial plexus avulsion. Rats were randomly divided into five groups: phosphate-buffered saline, negative control of lentivirus, hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (hypoxia-inducible factor 1α overexpression lentivirus), gel (pluronic F-127 hydrogel), and gel + hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (pluronic F-127 hydrogel + hypoxia-inducible factor 1α overexpression lentivirus). The Terzis grooming test was performed to assess recovery of motor function. Scores were higher in the hypoxia-inducible factor 1α and gel + hypoxia-inducible factor 1α groups (in particular the gel + hypoxia-inducible factor 1α group) compared with the phosphate-buffered saline group. Electrophysiology, fluorogold retrograde tracing, and immunofluorescent staining were further performed to investigate neural pathway reconstruction and changes of neurons, motor endplates, and angiogenesis. Compared with the phosphate-buffered saline group, action potential latency of musculocutaneous nerves was markedly shortened in the hypoxia-inducible factor 1α and gel + hypoxia-inducible factor 1α groups. Meanwhile, the number of fluorogold-positive cells and ChAT-positive neurons, neovascular area (labeled by CD31 around avulsed sites in ipsilateral spinal cord segments), and the number of motor endplates in biceps brachii (identified by α-bungarotoxin) were all visibly increased, as well as the morphology of motor endplate in biceps brachil was clear in the hypoxia-inducible factor 1α and gel + hypoxia-inducible factor 1α groups. Taken together, delivery of hypoxia-inducible factor 1α overexpression lentiviral vectors mediated by pluronic F-127 effectively promotes spinal root regeneration and functional recovery post-brachial plexus avulsion. All animal procedures were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of Guangdong Medical University, China.
The incidence of early-onset colorectal cancer (EOCRC; patients < 50 years old) has been rising rapidly, whereas the EOCRC genetic susceptibility remains incompletely investigated. Here, we aimed to ...systematically identify specific susceptible genetic variants for EOCRC.
Two parallel GWASs were conducted in 17,789 CRC cases (including 1490 EOCRC cases) and 19,951 healthy controls. A polygenic risk score (PRS) model was built based on identified EOCRC-specific susceptibility variants by using the UK Biobank cohort. We also interpreted the potential biological mechanisms of the prioritized risk variant.
We identified 49 independent susceptibility loci that were significantly associated with the susceptibility to EOCRC and the diagnosed age of CRC (both P < 5.0×10
), replicating 3 previous CRC GWAS loci. There are 88 assigned susceptibility genes involved in chromatin assembly and DNA replication pathways, mainly associating with precancerous polyps. Additionally, we assessed the genetic effect of the identified variants by developing a PRS model. Compared to the individuals in the low genetic risk group, the individuals in the high genetic risk group have increased EOCRC risk, and these results were replicated in the UKB cohort with a 1.63-fold risk (95% CI: 1.32-2.02, P = 7.67×10
). The addition of the identified EOCRC risk loci significantly increased the prediction accuracy of the PRS model, compared to the PRS model derived from the previous GWAS-identified loci. Mechanistically, we also elucidated that rs12794623 may contribute to the early stage of CRC carcinogenesis via allele-specific regulating the expression of POLA2.
These findings will broaden the understanding of the etiology of EOCRC and may facilitate the early screening and individualized prevention.
In tobacco industry of China, tobacco leaves are classified and managed in terms of their cultivation areas and plant parts of tobacco-stalks. However, sometimes intentionally or involuntary ...mislabeling cultivation areas, blending tobacco plant parts would occur into tobacco market. The error will affect the style and quality of cigarettes. In the present work, more than 1000 Chinese flue-cured tobacco leaf samples, which have 12 genotypes and cultivated from 5 to 10 regions of China in 2003 and 2004, have been discriminated by means of an improved and simplified KNN classification algorithm (IS-KNN) based on near infrared (NIR) spectra. An original method of optimizing number of significant principal components (PCs) based on analysis of error and cross-validation was advanced. Compared with conventional pattern recognition methods KNN, NN, LDA and PLS-DA, IS-KNN exhibits good adaptability in discrimination of complicated Chinese flue-cured tobaccos. The practice in this work shows that optimized number of PCs and performance of classification models are closely relative to complicated extent of samples but not to number of categories or samples. The results demonstrated the usefulness of NIR spectra combined with chemometrics as an objective and rapid method for the authentication and identification of tobacco leaves or other kinds of powder samples.
A global DNA hypomethylation might activate oncogene transcription, thus promoting carcinogenesis and tumor development. S-Adenosylmethionine (SAM) serves as a major methyl donor in biological ...transmethylation events. The object of this study is to explore the influence of SAM on the status of methylation at the promoter of the oncogenes c-myc, H-ras and tumor-suppressor gene p16 (INK4a), as well as its inhibitory effect on cancer cells. The results indicated that SAM treatment inhibited cell growth in gastric cancer cells and colon cancer cells, and the inhibition efficiency was significantly higher than that in the normal cells. Under standard growth conditions, C-myc and H-ras promoters were hypomethylated in gastric cancer cells and colon cancer cells. SAM treatment resulted in a heavy methylation of these promoters, which consequently downregulated mRNA and protein levels. In contrast, there was no significant difference in mRNA and protein levels of p16 (INK4a) with and without SAM treatment. SAM can effectively inhibit the tumor cells growth by reversing the DNA hypomethylation on promoters of oncogenes, thus down-regulating their expression. With no influence on the expression of the tumor suppressor genes, such as P16, SAM could be used as a potential drug for cancer therapy.
•Hemoporfin phototherapy is effective in children with port-wine stains.•Red lesions and face location are associated with better outcomes.•Repeated sessions can improve outcomes.•No serious adverse ...reactions were observed.•Local adverse effects were transient and with spontaneous resolution.
Although hemoporfin photodynamic therapy is a promising treatment approach for port-wine stains, its efficacy in children has not been sufficiently assessed. We aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of this approach in a paediatric population.
We retrospectively analysed the medical records of 439 children with port-wine stains receiving hemoporfin photodynamic therapy at our institution from July 2017 to January 2020. They received intravenous hemoporfin (hematoporphyrin monomethyl ether, 5 mg/kg), followed by lesion irradiation with a 532-nm green LED light for 20-25 min. The stains’ blanching degree and occurrence of adverse events were registered.
Overall, 95.2% of patients showed an ‘effective response’ (>20% fading) and 74.3% showed almost-complete resolution and great improvement (≥60% fading). Red and pink lesions showed better response than purple lesions (P < 0.05). Neck and facial lesions showed better response than the trunk and extremity lesions (P < 0.05). The response of the patients to the PDT showed a cumulative effect of the treatment session. No photosensitivity or systemic adverse reactions were observed. Transient local adverse effects included swelling, purpura, crusts, and pigmentation, which resolved without treatment. Only 2% of children had permanent scars, likely related to scratching crusts.
Hemoporfin photodynamic therapy was well tolerated and effective in paediatric Chinese patients with port-wine stains. It could be recommended as the first choice, over pulsed-dye laser therapy, for treating port-wine stains, particularly for large lesions. This should be evaluated in direct clinical trials.
Although current guidelines highlight the need for earlier screening in women at increased risk of breast cancer in China, data on risk-adapted starting ages of screening are limited.
To explore the ...risk-adapted starting age of breast cancer screening in China, with comprehensive consideration of breast cancer risk factors.
A multicenter community-based cohort study was conducted under the framework of the Cancer Screening Program in Urban China. Data were collected from January 1, 2013, to December 31, 2018, for unscreened community-dwelling women aged 40 to 74 years without a history of cancer, kidney dysfunction, or severe heart, brain, or lung disease. Data analysis was performed from October 1, 2021, to August 16, 2022.
Baseline characteristics associated with breast cancer, including first-degree family history of breast cancer, benign breast disease, breastfeeding, age at menarche, and body mass index.
Outcomes included breast cancer diagnosis and age at diagnosis. Risk-adapted starting age of screening was defined as the age at which women with different levels of breast cancer risk attained a 10-year cumulative risk level similar to women aged 50 years in the general population.
Of the 1 549 988 women enrolled in this study, 3895 had breast cancer (median follow-up, 4.47 IQR, 3.16-6.35 years). Participants were divided into different risk groups according to breast cancer risk scores (driven by risk factors including first-degree family history of breast cancer, benign breast disease, breastfeeding, age at menarche, and body mass index). Using the 10-year cumulative risk of breast cancer at age 50 years in the general population as a benchmark (2.65% 95% CI, 2.50%-2.76%), the optimal starting age of screening for women with high, medium, or low risk of breast cancer was identified as 43, 48, or after 55 years, respectively. An online calculator was developed to calculate an individual's optimal starting age of screening.
This study identifies the risk-adapted starting age of breast cancer screening based on the principle of equal management of equal risks, which may inform updates of current screening guidelines.
•Interaction between diamino sulfonate and quasi-one component polyoxyethylenated sulfate.•Dependence of micellization behavior for quasi-binary surfactant mixture.•Effect of the composition of mixed ...micelle.•Mechanism on synergistic effect in quasi-binary mixture.•Thermodynamics of micellization.
In order to obtain some information about the mixture of amphoteric surfactants with other surfactants derived from natural products in the presence of additives, the micellization behavior was investigated in the quasi-binary mixture of an amphoteric amino sulfonate, sodium 3-(N-dodecyl ethylenediamino)-2-hydroxypropyl sulfonate (abbr., DAS), and an anionic fatty alcohol polyoxyethylenated sulfate (CPOS) based on coconut oil in water-glycerol solution. Both the conductometric and the tensiometric techniques were performed to measure the process of micellization. On the basis of regular solution theory, the Rubingh’s model, the Rodenas’ model and the Clint’s model were used to calculate the aggregation parameters and thermodynamic parameters. The Rubingh’s treatment can effectively obtain the synergistic interaction between two surfactants in the entire range of composition. The Rodenas’ treatment, whereas, fails to give the synergistic effect in these solutions enriched in certain surfactant. The synergistic effect in the DAS/CPOS mixture and the nonideal mixing show the dependence on the composition in the mixture. These effects including electrostatic repulsion, steric hindrance, hydrogen bonding, etc., can rationally account for the variation of interaction behavior with the compositions in mixtures. Thermodynamic data also prove these micellization behaviors and indicate that the entropy plays an overwhelming role on the spontaneous micellization. The release of mixing heat is beneficial to the spontaneity. The obtained results will make for the knowledge of the molecular behavior in the quasi-binary mixtures and further the design of surfactant formulations.
At present, lactic acid bacteria (LAB) fermentation is commonly considered as an effective strategy to remarkably drive the improvement of flavor and nutritional value, and extend shelf-life of ...fermented foods. In this study, the by-product of tea manufacture, including broken tea segments and tea stalk, was used to produce fermented tea beverages. In addition, the residual components of matrices and bacterial metabolites were measured, as well as the sensory quality of the beverage was evaluated. Subsequently, the determination of monosaccharides, volatile aroma profile, free amino acids, biogenic amines and organic acids, and several functional substances involving γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), polyphenols, caffeine and L-theanine were carried out. The results revealed that glucose, fructose, mannose and xylose are principal carbon source of Lactobacillus plantarum RLL68 during the fermentation; moreover, the abundance of aromatic substances is varied dramatically and the characteristic flavors of the beverages, particularly fermentation for 48 h and 72 h, are imparted with sweet and fruity odor on the basis of initial nutty and floral odor; Meanwhile, the organoleptic qualities of fermented beverages is also enhanced. Furthermore, the levels of organic acids and GABA are elevated, while the bitter amino acids, as well as some bioactive substances including tea polyphenols and L-theanine are declined; Besides, the caffeine level almost remains constant, and quite low levels of various biogenic amines are also observed. The results of this study will provide the theoretical basis to steer and control the flavor and quality of the fermented tea beverages in the future.
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•The dynamic variation of characteristic metabolites of the beverage was elucidated.•The characteristic flavors changed from nutty and floral to sweet and fruity.•L. plantarum fermentation bring both beneficial and adverse impacts.
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