The principles of good agricultural and horticultural practice, which consider both giving environmental protection and high yielding of plants, require modern cultivation methods. Modern cultivation ...of horticultural plants uses, for example, cover crops, living mulches, plant growth-promoting microorganisms (PGPMs), plant growth regulators (PGRs) and other biostimulants protecting the soil against degradation and plants against phytopathogens and stress. The purpose of field and laboratory studies was to determine the effect of Trianum P (containing Trichoderma harzianum Rifai T-22 spores), Beta-Chikol (a.s.—chitosan), Timorex Gold 24 EC (based on tea tree oil) and fungicide Zaprawa Nasienna T 75 DS/WS (a.s.—tiuram 75%) on the health of carrot (Daucus carota L.) plants and the microorganism population in the rhizosphere of this plant. Moreover, the antagonistic effect of rhizosphere fungi on selected carrot fungal pathogens was determined. Laboratory mycological analysis allowed one to determine the qualitative and quantitative composition of fungi colonizing the underground parts of carrot plants. In addition, the total population of fungi and bacteria was determined (including Bacillus sp. and Pseudomonas sp.) based on the microbiological analysis of the rhizosphere soil. The application of the plant growth-promoting fungus (Trichoderma harzianum T-22), chitosan and tea tree oil positively influenced the growth, development and health status of carrot plants. T. harzianum T-22, chitosan and fungicide most effectively protected carrots against infection by soil-borne fungi from the genus Alternaria, Fusarium, Haematonectria, Sclerotinia and Rhizoctonia. The rhizosphere population of Bacillus sp. and Pseudomonas sp. in the treatments with Trianum P or Zaprawa Nasienna T 75 DS/WS was bigger than in the other experimental treatments. A reverse relationship was observed in the population of rhizosphere fungi. T. harzianum T-22, chitosan and tea tree oil promoted the growth of antagonistic fungi (Albifimbria sp., Clonostachys sp., Penicillium sp., Talaromyces sp. and Trichoderma sp.) in the carrot rhizosphere. Antagonistic activity of these fungi towards Alternaria dauci, Alternaria radicina, Sclerotiniasclerotiorum and Rhizoctonia solani was higher after the application of the preparations compared to control. Consequently, Trianum P, Beta-Chikol and Timorex Gold 24 EC can be recommended as plant biostimulants in ecological agricultural production, including Daucus carota cultivation.
Badania zmian zawartości wybranych składników mineralnych w liściach borówki wysokiej zachodzących podczas wegetacji oraz ocenę odżywienia przeprowadzono w latach 2012–2014 na bardzo kwaśnej glebie ...mineralnej wytworzonej z piasku słabogliniastego z niewielkim dodatkiem próchnicy (1,25%). Analiza statystyczna uzyskanych wyników wykazała istotne zmiany zawartości wszystkich badanych składników w okresie wegetacji. Zawartość azotu (N), fosforu (P) i potasu (K) w liściach borówki wysokiej zmniejszała się, natomiast magnezu (Mg) i wapnia (Ca) zwiększała. Odmiany borówki wysokiej różniły się istotnie zawartością badanych składników w każdym terminie oznaczeń. W I terminie oceny (metoda holenderska – połowa VI), odpowiadającym II terminowi w doświadczeniu, stwierdzono niskie wartości N, P, Mg i Ca w liściach wszystkich ocenianych odmian. Zanotowano jedynie optymalną zawartość K, ale tylko dla odmian ‘Ivanhoe’, ‘Northland’ i ‘Spartan’. Ocenie stanu odżywienia poddano także liście w trzecim terminie doświadczalnym, który porównano z liczbami granicznymi dla powszechnie stosowanej metody tzw. amerykańskiej (przełom VII/VIII – po I zbiorze jagód odmiany ‘Bluecrop’). Ocena stanu odżywienia wykazała niską zawartość P, optymalną K, zaś w przypadku pozostałych składników dała niejednoznaczne wyniki. Niezależnie od odmiany zawartość N była na poziomie optymalnym, ale tylko dla odmian ‘Bluecrop’, ‘Bluejay’ oraz ‘Spartan’. Koncentracja Mg w liściach była niska, zaś optymalna tylko dla odmian ‘Bluecrop’, ‘Bluejay’, ‘Northland’ i ‘Spartan’. Generalnie ocena zawartości Ca wykonana w tym terminie wykazała niski jego poziom w liściach, jedynie odmiany ‘Darrow’ i ‘Northland’ miały optymalną zawartość tego składnika.
A field experiment on fennel growing (Foeniculum vulgare var. azoricum Mill.) was conducted at the Experimental Farm of the University of Life Sciences in Lublin, on a grey-brown podzolic soil. The ...experiment included the following factors: three kinds of covers - soil covering with black polyethylene film (PE 0.05 mm), soil covering with black polypropylene non-woven fabric (PP 50 g m-2) and flat covering of plants with white polypropylene non-woven fabric (PP 17 g m-2); three sowing terms - April, May, June; two fennel cultivars - ‘Rudy F1’ and ‘Zefa Fino’. Soil mulching with PP50 and, to a slightly lesser degree, black PE, caused an increase in the total and marketable yield of fennel bulbs and had a favourable effect on the yield structure. The lowest yield, with the highest share of non-marketable bulbs, was obtained following plant covering with PP17. The bulbs were the largest in the experimental treatments with PP50 mulching. The smallest bulbs were harvested following PP17 plant covering. For fennel growing, the most favourable sowing time was April. The lowest yield was obtained from the June sowings. The cultivars studied did not vary in terms of yield level and structure. The bulbs of the ‘Zefa Fino’ cultivar were longer and more slender than those of the ‘Rudy F1’ cultivar
Doświadczenie polowe z uprawą kopru włoskiego (Foeniculum vulgare var. azoricum Mill.) przeprowadzono w Gospodarstwie Doświadczalnym UP w Lublinie na glebie płowej. Uwzględniono następujące czynniki: 3 rodzaje osłon - okrycie gleby czarną folią polietylenową (PE 0,15 mm), okrycie gleby czarną włókniną polipropylenową (PP 50 g m-2) i płaskie okrycie roślin białą włókniną polipropylenową (PP 17 g m-2); 3 terminy siewu - kwiecień, maj, czerwiec; 2 odmiany - ‘Rudy F1’ i ‘Zefa Fino’. Ściółkowanie gleby PP50 i w nieco mniejszym stopniu PE zwiększyło plon ogólny i handlowy zgrubień fenkułu oraz wpłynęło korzystnie na jego strukturę. Najmniejszy plon, z największym udziałem zgrubień niehandlowych, uzyskano po osłanianiu roślin PP17. Na obiektach ściółkowanych PP50 zgrubienia były największe. Najdrobniejsze zgrubienia zebrano po osłanianiu roślin PP17. Najkorzystniejszy dla fenkułu był siew wykonany w kwietniu. Najmniejszy plon otrzymano z siewów czerwcowych. Badane odmiany nie różniły się pod względem wielkości plonu i jego struktury. Zgrubienia odmiany ‘Zefa Fino’ były dłuższe i smuklejsze od zgrubień odmiany ‘Rudy F1’.
The experiment was conducted in the Botanical Garden of UMCS in Lublin. A collection of three ecotypes of Allium ursinum L. from Dukla, Roztocze Region and Bieszczady mountain range, were the subject ...of our study. The aim of the study was to compare the biometrical features and chemical composition of garlic leaves. There were substantial differences both in growth characteristics and flowering characteristics of the ecotypes of Allium ursinum. The Dukla ecotype formed the longest leaves, whereas the shortest ones were found in the Roztocze ecotype. The Bieszczady ecotype was characterized by the widest leaf blades, the longest leaf stalk and flowering stems as well as the largest diameter of inflorescence. The Roztocze ecotype had the largest number of flowers in an inflorescence, while the Dukla ecotype had the shortest flowering stems and the fewest flowers in an inflorescence. The largest concentration of dry mass in leaves was detected in A. ursinum from Roztocze. The largest concentration of proteins was detected in the leaves of A. ursinum from Bieszczady. The most flavonoids were assayed in the leaves of the Roztocze ecotype of A. ursinum, the fewest in the Dukla one. Phenolic acids were at their highest concentration in the leaves of bear's garlic from Dukla, while the lowest concentration was recorded in the leaves of the ecotype from Bieszczady. The garlic leaves from Dukla had also the highest content of essential oil, while the Roztocze ones had the lowest oil content. The ecotypes of Allium ursinum differed substantially when it comes to the number of components of their essential oils and the amount of selected components.
The field experiment focused on three high-inulin vegetable crops: chicory (Cichorium intybus L. var. sativum Bisch), black salsify (Scorzonera hispanica L.) and common salsify (Tragopogon ...porrifolius L.), and took into account two cultivation methods (flat soil and ridges) and a phacelia (Phacelia tanacetifolia L.) intercrop, the biomass of which was mixed with the soil during pre-winter ploughing. Cultivation without an intercrop served as the control. The studies aimed at evaluating the influence of ridge cultivation using a phacelia intercrop on the species composition and population of vegetable weeds as compared to traditional flat-soil cultivation with no intercrop. In total, 24 taxa in the primary and 31 taxa in the secondary weed populations (mostly characteristic for vegetable crops) were recorded in high-inulin species plantations. Monocarpic species such as Senecio vulgaris, Chenopodium album and Lamium amplexicaule dominated in the spring, while Stellaria media, Capsella bursa-pastoris and Urtica urens were most numerous at the end of the vegetation period. Applying phacelia as the intercrop and ploughing its biomass before winter significantly reduced the primary weed population for all of the cultivated crop species as compared to the no-intercrop cultivations. Phacelia grown as the intercrop reduced the occurrence of Senecio vulgaris, while favouring the development of Lamium amplexicaule. The cultivation system affected the primary weed infestation of vegetables, whereas it had no impact on the level of secondary weed infestation. At the beginning of the vegetation periods, fewer weeds grew in ridges than in the flat soil system. The crop species had no effect on the primary weed infestation, while it influenced weed numbers in the secondary. The lowest number of weeds was recorded in the secondary weed infestation of chicory, the well-developed leaf rosettes of which efficiently eliminated most of the weeds.
The aim of the study was to determine the influence of accompanying plants as well as bark mulching, common for green areas, on the growth, flowering and decorative values of scarlet sage Salvia ...splendens Sellow ex Roem. et Schult. The field experiment included two cultivars of sage: ‘Red Torreador’ and ‘Luna’; two species of accompanying plants: French marigold – Tagetes patula nana L. ‘Petit Gold’ and flossflower – Ageratum houstonianum Mill.; as well as pine bark mulching. The control group was a monoculture of scarlet sage, without mulching. Pine bark mulching had a beneficial influence on almost all growth and flowering characteristics of scarlet sage. The plants growing on mulched soil were higher, had more leaves and branches as well as their inflorescences were longer and had more whorls than the plants growing without mulching. S. splendens growing with other species had fewer leaves and fewer branches. Its side stems and lateral inflorescences were shorter. The accompanying species also limited the mass of scarlet sage. The vicinity of marigold and flossflower had no influence on the height of S. splendens plants, the number of whorls and flowers within inflorescences. The growth of scarlet sage was largely modified by weather conditions; the plants grew best between June 20th and July 18th, with the best decorative effect achieved in July. The drought caused the flowers to dry out during the second half of the summer each year, limiting the decorative values of sage.
The field experiment was carried out in 2006-2008 in the Felin Experimental Farm (University of Life Sciences in Lublin) on podzolic soil developed from dusty medium loam. Root chicory (Cichorium ...intybus L.) var. sativum (Bisch.) Janch. cv. Polanowicka was involved in the experiment. The experimental factors were 3 species of intercrop plants: common vetch (Vicia sativa), phacelia (Phacelia tanacetifolia), oat (Avena sativa) and 2 dates of ploughing-in: pre-winter and spring. In total, 26 taxons characteristic for vegetable plantations were identified in chicory weed infestation. Monocarpic species dominated, among which Senecio vulgaris, Chenopodium album, Lamium amplexicaule, Galinsoga ciliata, and Capsella bursa-pastoris were predominant. The date of ploughing-in did not significantly affect the status and size of weed infestation of chicory plots. Short-lived species occurred after pre-winter ploughing-in, while perennial - after spring ploughing-in. The application of intercrops significantly reduced chicory weed infestation as compared to the cultivation with no intercrop. The ploughing-in of Avena sativa biomass appeared to be the most efficient. The intercrop plants reduced the occurrence of Senecio vulgaris and Capsella bursa-pastoris which were the most numerous in the treatment without intercrops. Biomass of Vicia sativa favored the growth of Chenopodium album and Lamium amplexicaule. The secondary weed infestation did not depend on agrotechnical factors applied during the experiment.
Doświadczenie polowe przeprowadzono w latach 2009–2010. Celem badań było określenie wpływu stosowania płaskiego osłaniania roślin włókniną (PP17 i PP50) i uprawy współrzędnej na zawartość ...makroskładników w liściach sałaty rzymskiej (Lactuca sativa L. var. romana Garst.). Osłanianie roślin włókniną PP17 i PP50 nie wpłynęło istotnie na zawartość suchej masy, N ogółem, P i Ca w sałacie rzymskiej. Sałata rosnąca pod płaskimi osłonami zgromadziła mniej K i więcej Mg niż uprawiana bez osłon. Sałata rosnąca współrzędnie z rzodkiewką kumulowała najmniej N ogółem i najwięcej Ca w liściach. Liście zewnętrzne sałaty zawierały więcej suchej masy, K, Ca i Mg, a liście wewnętrzne były bogatsze w N ogółem i P.
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