Ti + Nb-stabilised interstitial-free steel is deformed by equal-channel angular pressing (ECAP) adopting a route B
C
up to an equivalent strain of 24. Upon ECAP the grain size decreases to ultrafine ...level and it becomes strongly textured. At ε
vm
= 0.6-6, components of both {110} fiber,
J
θ
,
J
¯
θ
and of 〈111〉 fiber,
D
1θ,
D
2θ
with common components of
E
θ
,
E
¯
θ
are existing but after ε
vm
≥9, only 〈111〉 fiber components are observed. At large strain, ε
vm
= 9-24, 〈111〉 fiber texture is recorded with monoclinic symmetry. At ε
vm
= 0.6, coarse grains get split into deformation bands. Fragmentation of bands (at ε
vm
= 3) suppress
J
¯
θ
,
J
θ
components. At ε
vm
= 6, formation of lamellar structures increases intensity of mainly
D
1θ,
D
2θ
. At ε
vm
= 9, oriented ribbon grains result in strong
D
1θ,
D
2θ
components with 〈111〉 fiber. At ε
vm
= 15-24, conversion of ribbon grains to near-equiaxed shaped grains maintains 〈111〉 fiber texture with enhanced intensity of
D
1θ
and
D
2θ
components.
Low organic matter concentration coupled with low native soil phosphorus (P) concentrations is a major constraint limiting the productivity of a soybean–wheat system on Vertisols in the Indian ...semi-arid tropics. In a 3-year field study (1996–99), the performance of four different composts obtained from legume straw (Glycine max Merr.L), cereal straw (Triticum aestivum), oilseed straw (Brassica juncea L.) and city rubbish were compared, and also with chemical fertilizers in terms of degree of maturity, quality of compost, improvement in soil organic matter, biological activities of soil and yields of soybean and wheat. Phospho-sulpho-nitrocomposts (phosphocomposts) were prepared containing approximately 2·5 to 4·2% P and 1·4 to 2·3% N, in an aerobic decomposition process for 4 months by adding an aqueous slurry of 1:1 (dry weight) cow dung, 2·2% P in the form of low grade Mussorie phosphate rock (7·5% P), 10% pyrite (S, 22·2%) and 0·5% urea N, and bioinoculums such as the cellulose decomposers Paecilomyces fusisporus and Aspergillus awamori, and P-solubilizing organisms i.e. Bacillus polymyxa and Pseudomonas striata. The maturity indexes were strongly associated with the source of materials, chemical composition and degree of decomposition. The matured composts had lower C/N ratios (8·2 to 21·7) and water soluble carbohydrates (0·23 to 0·43%) and larger ratios of cation exchange capacity/total organic carbon (CEC/TOC) and lignin/cellulose than the initial. The matured compost increased total P, water soluble P, citrate soluble P, total N and NO3-N and the application of phosphocompost at the rate of 10 t/ha gave plant growth dry matter accumulation, seed yield and P uptake by soybean equivalent to single superphosphate at 26·2 kg P/ha. The continuous turnover of enriched phosphocompost increased soil microbial biomass C and the activity of enzymes compared to application of chemical fertilizer.
Conservation tillage as part of conservation agriculture is regarded as a potential mitigation strategy to enhance the sink for atmospheric carbon in agriculture. Though, conservation tillage has ...been tested for its efficacy in other parts of the globe, very few information exists with regard to its C sink potential in Indian context, particularly for Vertisols of central India. Therefore, the present study was undertaken in the Vertisols of Bhopal to assess the effect of conservation tillage with or without application of manure, on carbon sequestration and carbon management index in soybean–wheat cropping system. After 4 year cropping cycle, it was observed that conversion from conventional to conservation tillage with application of manure (2.0 Mg ha
−1
FYM-C) every year showed the highest impact on soil carbon sequestration and carbon management index. Under a particular manure treatment, carbon storage was higher under no-tillage in the 0–5 cm soil depth, whereas it was higher under reduced tillage in the 5–15 cm soil layer.
MoS₂ and WS₂ Analogues of Graphene Ramakrishna Matte, H.S.S; Gomathi, A; Manna, Arun K ...
Angewandte Chemie (International ed.),
June 1, 2010, Volume:
49, Issue:
24
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Inorganic sheets: Graphene‐like MoS2 and WS2 were prepared by three different chemical methods. Examination by microscopic techniques revealed that they consist of one or a few layers (see depicted ...TEM image of WS2 layers), and an atomic‐resolution TEM image showed that layered MoS2 has a hexagonal arrangement of Mo and S atoms (see inset).
To assess expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) on muscle biopsy specimens from patients with untreated juvenile dermatomyositis ...(JDM).
Histochemical and immunohistochemical tests for ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 were performed on serial frozen sections from 27 JDM muscle biopsy specimens. ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 expression was analyzed on capillaries, perimysial and endomysial large vessels, and muscle fibers. Expression was assessed and graded semiquantitatively.
Increased ICAM-1 expression was observed on capillaries and perimysial large vessels on semiquantitative analysis, and was statistically more evident than on endomysial large vessels. In all cases, only a few muscle vessels showed expression of VCAM-1. Expression of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 was observed on few muscle fibers.
The observation of ICAM-1 expression on muscle vessels, mainly on capillaries of patients with untreated JDM compared to controls, and VCAM-1 expression to a lesser extent, mostly on muscle vessels surrounded by inflammatory infiltrate, supports the participation of these adhesion molecules in the pathologic mechanism of vascular injury in JDM.
Mesoporous tin silicate materials have been synthesized at room temperature using a self-assembly of cationic surfactant cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) and tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS) and ...SnCl
4 as Si and Sn precursors, respectively, under mild acidic (pH 4.5–6.5) condition. Si/Sn mol ratios in the product for different mesoporous tin silicate samples were 12.4, 27.2, 48.5 and 74.7 vis-à-vis the ratios 10, 25, 50 and 75, respectively, in the hydrothermal synthesis gels. These mesoporous samples were characterized using powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), N
2 sorption, UV–vis diffuse reflectance (UV DRS), FT-IR spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) on an instrument with an energy dispersive X-ray (EDS) attachment. Characterization data demonstrated that the samples were moderately ordered, with pore dimension of 2.1–2.4
nm. UV DRS and IR spectral bands suggested the incorporation of tin in the tetrahedral lattice sites of the mesoporous silica network. After calcination, these tin silicate samples retained their mesophase and showed excellent catalytic activity in one-pot liquid phase selective oxidative dehydrogenation of cyclohexane to 1,4-cyclohexadiene using dilute aqueous hydrogen peroxide as oxidant. A very high selectivity for 1,4-cyclohexadiene (83–98%) was observed using different mesoporous tin-silicate samples and acetonitrile solvent. Very little to almost no further oxidation product of the parent and product olefins, i.e. epoxides or cyclohexanone/cyclohexanol was observed.
We investigated whether cell-permeable, synthetic ceramide (C6 ceramide) could induce apoptosis in Fas-resistant Hodgkin's disease (HD)-derived cell lines. Despite strongly expressing the ...Fas-receptor, two of three HD-derived cell lines were resistant to Fas-mediated apoptosis. This resistance to Fas could not be attributed to differential Fas isoform generation patterns between the Fas-resistant and the Fas-sensitive cell lines. The Fas-resistant cell lines did not demonstrate the presence of Fas exon 8 deletion. Bcl-2 and BclxL levels were comparable between the Fas-resistant and the Fas-sensitive cell lines. C6 ceramide could induce apoptosis in both Fas-resistant cell lines and this was associated with a decrease in BclxL level. Caspase-1, caspase-3, or pan-caspase inhibitors could not prevent ceramide-induced apoptosis. Furthur, ceramide treatment did not lead to cleavage of caspase 3 or poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase, but caused a loss in mitochondrial transmembrane potential which could not be prevented by caspase inhibitors. Thus, we conclude that ceramide-induced apoptosis in Fas-resistant HD cell lines is caspase independent.
Purpose This paper aims to perform numerical simulations through different shaped double stenoses in a vascular tube for a better understanding of arterial blood flow patterns, and their possible ...role during the progression of atherosclerosis. The dynamics of flow features have been studied by wall pressure, streamline contour and wall shear stress distributions for all models. Designmethodologyapproach A finite volume method has been employed to solve the governing equations for the twodimensional, steady, laminar flow of an incompressible and Newtonian fluid. Findings The paper finds that impact of pressure drop, reattachment length and peak wall shear stress at each restriction primarily depends upon percentage of restriction, if restriction spacing is sufficient. The quantum of impact of pressure drop, reattachment length and peak wall shear stress is much effected for smaller restriction spacing. If recirculating bubble of first restriction merges with the recirculating bubble formed behind the second restriction in this smaller restriction spacing. The similar effect of smaller restriction spacing is observed, if Reynolds number increases also. Originalityvalue The effect of different shaped stenoses, restriction spacing and Reynolds number on the flow characteristics has been investigated and the role of all the flow characteristics on the progression of the disease, atherosclerosis, is discussed.
Global climate change is anticipated to have a tremendous influence on crop productivity and nutrient cycling in legume-based cropping systems. The effect of long-term application of manure and ...fertilizers on the dynamics of soil organic carbon (SOC) pools and soil physical properties was studied in a soybean (Glycine max Merr. L)awheat (Triticum aestivum L.) system. The temperature sensitivity of C pools and the alterations in microbial composition were determined at 25, 35, and 45 degree C. Higher levels of microbial biomass C (MBC) and nitrogen (MBN), water soluble carbon (WSC), acid hydrolysable carbohydrates (AHC), particulate organic matter carbon (POMC) and nitrogen (POMN) were observed in the NPK + FYM at a depth of 0a15 cm. Irrespective of the treatment, micro aggregates (53a250 mu m) were a major aggregate size class, comprising 45a57% of the total soil aggregates, followed by macro aggregates (250a2000 mu m at 37.8a45%). Microbial respiration rate increased by 13.9% in most recalcitrant pools (<53 mu m) at 45 degree C than at 25 degree C. Furthermore, data on labile C (A0) revealed a 4.9a55.4% increase in the substrate pools and a 10.5a32.5% increase in mineralization rate (k) with these treatments at 25a45 degree C in 250a2000 mu m aggregates. AHC and POMC content decreased by 23a37% and 12a23% of SOC, respectively, when the temperature was raised from 25 to 45 degree C. It is concluded the gradual depletion of nutrients, structural degradation and changes in microbial composition might have collectively contributed to the decline in crop yields. It was suggested that temperature has a strong effect on C mineralization, depending on the types and extents of substrate utilization. Seasonal rainfall, maximum and minimum temperature and SOC had jointly explained 12a41% of variation in soybean production in NP, NPK and NPK + FYM treatments. However, balanced use of NPK plus FYM is an important management option to arrest the decline of crop yield.
Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a powerful tool in ophthalmology that provides in vivo morphology of the retinal layers and their light scattering properties. The directional (angular) ...reflectivity of the retinal layers was investigated with focus on the scattering from retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). The directional scattering of the RPE was studied in three mice strains with three distinct melanin concentrations: albino (BALB/c), agouti (129S1/SvlmJ), and strongly pigmented (C57BL/6J). The backscattering signal strength was measured with a directional OCT system in which the pupil entry position of the narrow OCT beam can be varied across the dilated pupil of the eyes of the mice. The directional reflectivity of other retinal melanin-free layers, including the internal and external limiting membranes, and Bruch's membrane (albinos) were also measured and compared between the strains. The intensity of light backscattered from these layers was found highly sensitive to the angle of illumination, whereas the inner/outer segment (IS/OS) junctions showed a reduced sensitivity. The reflections from the RPE are largely insensitive in highly pigmented mice. The differences in directional scattering between strains shows that directionality decreases with an increase in melanin concentrations in RPE, suggesting increasing contribution of Mie scattering by melanosomes.
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