To investigate the effects of visual art therapy (VAT) on cognitive and psychological outcomes and explore the crucial design characteristics of VAT that might be associated with greater cognitive ...benefits among older adults.
Systematic review and meta-analysis.
Peer reviewed articles were searched from Medline, EMBASE, Global Health, Cochrane Library, Ovid Nursing database, PsycINFO, British Nursing Index, and CINAHL Complete from inception of the databases to September 2019.
This review and meta-analysis was conducted and reported according to preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses guidelines. The Cochrane risk of bias tool was used to examine the risk of bias of the studies. Narrative synthesis and quantitative meta-analysis were performed.
Twelve articles published between 2004-2019 involving 831 participants were identified. VAT significantly improved global cognitive function compared with different control groups (Hedges' g = 0.348 95% CI = 0.026-0.671, p = .034, I
= 66.570%). VAT also demonstrated psychological benefits in reducing depressive symptoms and anxiety. By systematic comparison of the intervention designs, it seems that those with greater cognitive benefit involved a higher level of creativity and optimized the use of essential components including art education, reminiscence, art processing, cognitive evaluation, art crafts/modelling, and socialization.
Visual art therapy could be effective in improving cognitive functions and the associated psychological symptoms. Therefore, it can be adopted as an effective non-pharmacological intervention for preventing cognitive decline and dementia.
This review answers the key question about the pooled effect of VAT as nonpharmacological therapy on preventing or managing dementia. In addition, it informs on the design characteristics of an effective VAT for implementing among older adults. This research will have an impact on the gerontological care and support the evidence about non-pharmacological approaches to prevent and manage dementia.
This study examined the profile of cognitive impairment and associated factors among older people in rural central Tanzania.
We conducted a cross-sectional study involving 462 community-dwelling ...older adults. We performed cognitive, psychosocial, and clinical assessments and face-to-face interviews with all older adults. Descriptive, bivariate and multivariate linear regression analyses were performed to determine the participant's cognitive performance and the associated factors.
The mean cognitive score on the Identification and Intervention for Dementia in Elderly Africans cognitive test was 11.04 (SD=2.89). Per the proposed cut-off scores to define probable and possible dementia, 13.2% of the population had probable dementia and another 13.9% had possible dementia. Increase in age was associated with poor cognitive performance (β=-0.076, 95% CI=-0.109 to -0.043, P<0.001); whereas male sex (β=0.989, 95% CI=0.333 to 1.645, P=0.003), higher educational attainment (β=2.575, 95% CI=0.557 to 4.594, P=0.013) and performance in instrumental activities of daily living (β=0.552, 95% CI=0.376 to 0.729, P<0.001) were associated with higher cognitive performance.
Older people in rural settings of central Tanzania have poor cognitive functions and are at high risk of further cognitive decline. Preventive and therapeutic programs for the affected older people are warranted to prevent further decline and maintain quality of life.
Endotracheal suction (ETS) is a common invasive procedure which is done to keep the airways patent by mechanically removing accumulated pulmonary secretions to all in patients with artificial ...airways. Many life-threatening complications can occur when the procedure is not performed correctly. Although the evidence-based recommendations regarding ETS are available, many of these have not been observed in nurse's clinical practice. We assessed the intensive care nurses' knowledge and practice of ETS to intubated patients in selected hospitals in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.
A descriptive cross-sectional study design involving 103 Intensive Care Unit (ICU) nurses in Dar es Salaam city was conducted in 2014. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 20 where descriptive statistics were employed to interpret data.
Majority of ICU nurses (69.9%) knew the indication for the procedure, (77.7%) knew the action to be taken in case of abrupt change in the ECG monitor; however, 80.6% demonstrated undesirable overall knowledge on ETS evidence-based recommendations. Nurses with ICU training (57.3%) significantly demonstrated higher knowledge of ETS than non-trained nurses (P<0.005), while all other factors had no influence.
Majority of ICU nurses do not have desirable knowledge and skills of ETS, and are currently not following current ETS recommendations. This study has shown that training on ICU skills have positive influence to recommended ETS knowledge. We recommend ICU training, provision of clinical guidelines and adequate support to nurses employed in ICUs. Also, further studies using analytical approach to identify other factors beyond the scope of this study and testing the best approach in fostering adherence to ETS evidence-based recommendations are crucial.
A growing share of male nurses in the nursing profession in Tanzania has changed the trend of diversity of nursing gender. This might have created a divergent perspective within the communities. ...Therefore, the current study aimed to explore the perspective, encounters, and choices of nursing gender among licensed nurses, non-nurse healthcare providers, and clients in Tanzania.
The study employed a qualitative descriptive design. The data were collected between August 2022 to January 2023 by the principal investigator and one research assistant. Twelve Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) were carried out in four different hospitals in Dar es Salaam comprised of total participants (n = 59). The participants were nurses, clients, and non-nurse healthcare providers. The data was collected through an interview guide developed by the principal investigator and validated by nurse experts. The data was analyzed using qualitative content analysis to generate themes and subthemes.
Eight themes and twenty-seven subthemes emerged from the study. The following are themes; ① Variations of male and female nurses in communication ② Differences of male and female nurses in carrying out leadership roles ③ Divergent clinical qualities and outcomes across nursing gender ④ Positive value of male nurses in clinical facilities from colleagues and patients ⑤ Different cooperation of male and female nurses at the clinical settings ⑥ Mixed perspective towards clinical competencies across nursing gender ⑦ Perspective towards gender diversity in nursing ⑧ Preferences of nurse's gender, reasons, and opinion towards gender preferences.
Male nurses and female nurses differ in how they communicate, execute leadership roles, and clinical qualities. However, their variations don't mean one gender is underrated than the other, but every gender has unique communication styles, leadership styles, and clinical qualities that both lead to effective outcomes. Diversity in nursing gender is very important and should be strategized. Since preferences of nursing gender seems to enhance somebody's freedom and creates an environment where a person can discuss sensitive issues, nursing bodies and healthcare stakeholders might initiate a discussion about approaches to promote the implementation of nursing preference and perform the feasibility studies.
Cancer is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Seventy percent of deaths of cancer occur in low or middle-income countries, where the resources to provide cancer treatment ...and care are minimal. Tanzania currently has very inadequate facilities for cancer treatment as there are only five sites, some with limited services; two are in Dar es Salaam and one each in Mwanza, Kilimanjaro and Mbeya that offer cancer treatment. Despite cancer being a prevalent problem in Tanzania, there is a significant shortage of information on the experiences of young people who receive cancer treatment and care. The aim of this study was to explore cancer-related concerns and needs of care and support among young adults and children who are receiving cancer treatment in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.
Using an explorative, qualitative design, two focus group discussions (FGDs) with young adults (18 to 25 years) and four FGDs with children (9 to 17 years) were held. Data were transcribed into English and analyzed using content analysis.
Identified concerns included physical effects, emotional effects, financial impacts, poor early care, and poor treatment. Identified needs included the need for improved care in hospital by the staff, need for community support, financial needs, needs for improved cancer care and treatment in the hospitals, and the need for increased education about cancer. Resilience was identified, particularly around hope or faith, having hope to be healed, and receiving good care from staff.
Young adults and children receiving cancer treatment in Tanzania have many needs and concerns. Improvements with regard to the care provided in hospital by the staff, the cancer care and treatment in the hospital, and population-wide education about cancer are necessary to address the identified needs and concerns. Further studies on specific approaches to address the concerns and needs are also warranted.
Older adults with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) with no literacy are at increased risk of progression to dementia. Whether it is feasible to engage this population in visual art therapy (VAT) and ...yield effects on cognition and depression remained unclear. A pilot mixed-method single-blinded randomized controlled trial was conducted in a sample of community-dwelling older adults with MCI. The experimental group (n = 21) was assigned to 12 sessions of VAT over 6 weeks, and the control group (n = 18) was assigned to 6 weekly health education (HE) on nonbrain health topics. Participants were evaluated at baseline using Montreal Cognitive Assessment–5-minute protocol (MoCA-5-min) and Geriatric Depression Scale Short Form (GDS-SF). A focus group discussion (FGD) was also conducted to the experimental group to explore their experiences of participating in the VAT. Findings indicated that both VAT and HE groups had significant improvement in MoCA-5-min scores and depressed mood over time; however, the significant group × time interaction effect was noted only for the psychological outcome. Findings from the FGD indicated that participants had challenging experiences at the beginning of the therapy, but later, they were able to cope and found that the VAT was relevant and beneficial for their cognitive and psychosocial health. This pilot study provided initial evidence about the potential benefit of VAT in improving cognitive and psychological well-being of older adults with MCI and low literacy and provided insights on how to better engage them in this cognitive stimulating intervention. A full-scale trial is recommended for a stringent evaluation.
Abstract
Objective
The incidence of dementia in the sub-Saharan Africa is rising. However, screening tools for cognitive decline that fits their linguistic and cultural context are lacking. The aim ...of this study was to determine the accuracy of the Kiswahili version of Montreal Cognitive Assessment (K-MoCA) to detect mild cognitive impairment or dementia among older adults in the rural Tanzania.
Methods
We recruited 259 community-dwelling older adults in Chamwino district, Tanzania. The concurrent validity and discriminatory power of K-MoCA were examined by comparing its score with IDEA cognitive screening and psychiatrist’s diagnosis using DSM-V, respectively. All the questionnaires were administered in face-to-face interview.
Results
K-MoCA demonstrated acceptable reliability (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.780). Concurrent validity was evident by its significant correlation with the IDEA screening test (Pearson’s r = 0.651, p < 0.001). Using the psychiatrist’s rating as the reference, the optimal cut-off score for MCI and dementia was 19 and 15, respectively, which yielded the sensitivity of 70% and specificity of 60% for MCI, and sensitivity of 72% and specificity of 60% for dementia. Further analysis indicated that education and age influence performance on K-MoCA.
Conclusion
Overall, the K-MoCA is a reliable and valid tool for measuring cognitive decline. However, its limited discriminatory power for MCI and dementia may be compromised by the cultural irrelevance of some items.
The aim of this study was to examine the effects of visual art therapy (VAT) on cognition, psychological and functional ability of people with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and low education.
A ...single-blinded randomized controlled trial was conducted among 127 older adults with MCI, mean age 73.6 years, and level of education in years, median (range) = 0 (0-9). The intervention group received 12 VAT sessions over 6 weeks. The control group received 6 health education sessions. The outcomes measures at baseline, immediately postintervention, at 3-month, and 6-month follow-up included global cognitive functions, depression, mental well-being, and instrumental activities of daily living functions.
The intervention group demonstrated greater improvement than the control group in global cognition (β = 2.56, 95% confidence interval CI = 1.16, 3.97, p < .001, standardized mean difference SMD = 0.75) and depression (β = -2.01, 95% CI = -3.09, -0.93, p < .001, SMD = -0.93) immediately postintervention. The effects on cognitive functions were sustained at 3 and 6 months follow-up. The differential effect of VAT on mental well-being and functional ability compared to health education were undetectable.
VAT can improve cognitive functions and mood status of older adults with MCI who have no or low education. Clinical Trials Registration Number: PACTR201901731800445. This trial was registered with Pan African Clinical Trial Registry: www.pactr.org.
Cancer is among the three leading causes of death in low income countries and the highest increase with regard to incidence figures for cancer diseases are found in these countries. This is the first ...report of the health-related quality of life (HRQOL) and needs of care and support of adult Tanzanians with cancer.
A mixed-methods design was used. The study was conducted at Ocean Road Cancer Institute (ORCI) in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. One hundred and one patients with a variety of cancer diagnoses treated and cared for at ORCI answered the Kiswahili version of the EORTC QLQ-C30 investigating HRQOL. Thirty-two of the patients participated in focus group interviews discussing needs of care and support. Data from focus group interviews were analyzed with content analysis.
The findings show that the patients, both women and men, report a low quality of life, especially with regard to physical, role, and social function and a high level of symptoms and problems especially with financial difficulties and pain. Financial difficulties are reported to a remarkably high extent by both women and men. The patients, both women and men report least problems with emotional function. A content analysis of the interview data revealed needs of food and water, hygienic needs, emotional needs, spiritual needs, financial needs, and needs of closeness to cancer care and treatment services.
The high score for pain points out that ORCI is facing severe challenges regarding care and treatment. However, when considering this finding it should be noted that the pain subscale of the Kiswahili version of the EORTC QLQ-C30 did not reach acceptable internal consistency and showed less than satisfactory convergent validity. This also applies to the subscales cognitive function and global health/quality of life. Attention should be drawn to meet the identified needs of Tanzanian cancer patients while hospitalized but also when at home. Increased accessibility of mosquito nets, pads, and pain-killers would help to fulfil some needs.
Cancer in children in Tanzania is a concerning health issue, yet there is a shortage of information about the experiences of the guardians of children who receive cancer treatment.
To explore ...concerns and needs of support among guardians of children on cancer treatment in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.
Using a qualitative design, 3 focus group discussions were held with 22 guardians of children aged 9 to 17 years. Guardians were recruited from Muhimbili National Hospital, Dar es Salaam, where their children were receiving cancer treatment. Data were analyzed using thematic content analysis.
Guardians experienced several issues during the initial stages of their child's cancer treatment, including the process of seeking a diagnosis, and experiences with care at the peripheral (regional) hospitals and national hospital. They also shared what they felt would lessen their difficult experiences. Seven themes emerged in this study: financial concerns, emotional concerns, barriers to cancer care, need for improved cancer care, need for information, need for tangible support, and gratitude and hope.
Guardians of children with cancer experience challenges during initial stages when seeking a diagnosis and have concerns and needs related to cancer care and treatment.
Improvements are needed regarding care at regional hospitals, the cancer diagnosis, and the recognition of early signs of cancer and quick referral to diagnostic centers, compassionate caring behaviors by healthcare workers, budgetary support from the government to meet the medication supply demands, and meeting stakeholders' support needs.
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