The paper describes the distribution and the structure of verba dicendi parentheticals in Croatian. A parenthetical may be inserted at clause level (most often) or at constituent level (less often). ...Parenthetical placement is quite liberal. Usually, it does not break the phrase, but it is inserted either in front of or after the maximal projection. Utterances containing verba dicendi parentheticals can be divided into two groups: speaker oriented and subject oriented. The factors determining whether the utterance is speaker or subject oriented are: the direction of pronominalization, inversion of the subject and the finite verb, different behavior in the scope of negative expressions, and the difference in intonation. That the parenthetical expression form single syntactic constituent with the host expression is also confirmed by the asymmetry in relationship between quantifiers and pronouns, as well as by the similarity of such utterances with wh-questions (wh-movement), such as: optional inversion of the subject and the finite verb (which is conditioned pragmatically), long distance (unbounded) dependencies and similar behavior in respect to island conditions. Heterogeneous behavior of two types of utterances suggests that they, most probably, have different structure. The author concludes that the difference between them is not in the way in which the parenthetical expression is integrated (merged) into the host expression, but only in the internal structure of the parenthetical expression itself. In subject oriented utterances, the silent copy of the host expression is merged in the complement position of the parenthetical verb, while the speaker oriented utterances have only an empty operator OP in this position, which is moved in the Spec position and co-indexed with the host expression. Since the derivation of the subject oriented utterances cannot adequately be described as the result of movement, the author proposes an alternative hypothesis, i.e. that they are elliptical expressions in which CP complement of the parenthetical verb, which is identical to the host expression, has been deleted.
The author compares the canon of the mass in Kozicic's Misal hruacki from 1531 with the same text in all other Croatian-Glagolitic missals. Even in that text, which is the least of all subject to ...change, lexical and textual differences between Kozicic's missal and other missals are greater than the differences between any other two missals. This confirms that Kozicic has revised this part of the missal so radically that it is almost possible to speak about a new translation, and not only about a redaction. The canon of Misal hruacki clearly testifies that Kozicic has Croatised the Church Slavonic text. In many places he has also corrected the older translation and adjusted it to the Latin original. However, a relatively large number of departures from the Latin text, as well as the preservation of many Church Slavonic elements in the text, testify that he did not work mechanically and that his main aim was not to Croatise the text as much as possible or to adjust it to the Latin text as fatefully as possible, but that he acted by design, with a well-thought-out conception of literary (Croatian Church Slavonic) language. Adapted from the source document
In Croatian-Glagolitic texts Mihaljević (2003) noted a number of examples in which two or even three occurrences of the Church Slavonic word da correspond to only one occurrence of the Latin ut. In ...all such examples da has a typical role of a complementizer, i.e. it introduces complement, final or consecutive clauses. According to Slovník jazyka staroslověnského (1967: 453) double-da structures occured already in Old Church Slavonic Codex Suprasliensis. The author describes the structure of these Church Slavonic sentences using the so-called cartographic model, which assumes for sentence periphery to the left of the subject the existence of a number of hierarchically ordered functional projections, instead of a single CP projection. The phenomenon of complementizer doubling is attested and studied in different languages. It is generally assumed that the first instance of the complementizer is in Force, while the position of the second instance is disputable. Some authors assume that optional secondary complementizer is in Fin, while according to others it is in Top. The main goal of the paper is to determine which description is more adequate for Croatian Church Slavonic. The author investigates the conditions for the appearance of doubling, as well as the properties and the distribution of doubled da with respect to the left-peripheral phenomena, and concludes that the lowest copy of da heads FinP. This conclusion is confirmed by the following facts: no left-dislocated constituent can follow the lowest da, the doubling of da is possible only in irreal (subjunctive) contexts, and therefore the verb in the subordinated TP can only be in the present tense, conditional or imperative. Consequently, he assumes that in the triple-da constructions the intermediate copy of da is in Top. In the concluding part of the paper he discusses the relationship between the high and the low instances of da, i.e. whether they are different lexical units which only superficially look like the same item, or the copies of the same complementizer. He presents arguments for and against both solutions, but does not give a definite answer and leaves the question open for future research.
U radu se opisuje sintaksa rastavnih struktura u hrvatskome crkvenoslavenskom jeziku. U Uvodu se ukratko određuje koordinacija i rastavnost kao njezin oblik te se navode rastavni koordinatori koji se ...pojavljuju u hrvatskoglagoljičnim tekstovima. Tema su 2. poglavlja dvočlane monosindetske rastavne strukture, i obične, i upitne, posebice alternativna i eliptična pitanja, te metajezična disjunkcija. U 3. se poglavlju govori o korelativnim rastavnim strukturama koje imaju koordinator i ispred prvoga koordinanda. U 4. poglavlju riječ je o višečlanim (polisindetskim) rastavnim strukturama. Riječi koje služe kao rastavni koordinatori mogu imati i druge uloge i značenja. Zbog toga je 5. poglavlje posvećeno njihovim ostalim ulogama. Šesto je poglavlje zaključno. U njemu se ukratko iznose spoznaje i zaključci iz prethodnih poglavlja.
Verbs of perception may in Croatian Church Slavonic have nominal and prepositional phrases, as well as different clausal structures, as complements. In this paper the author describes types and ...structure of clausal complements. Finite complements may be either declarative, interrogative or relative clauses. Declarative clauses are most often introduced by the complementizer êko jako, and less frequently by complementizers da and kako. The complementizer kako does not belong to Church Slavonic, but only to Croatian, while the complementizer da in Croatian Church Slavonic occurs only with verbs of mental perception. Interrogative complements may be either yes–no questions, introduced by the complementizer li, by the group eda jeda kako, as well as by the hypothetical complementizers aĉe ašće and ako, or pronominal questions. The verbs slišati, smotriti and vidêti may also have relative clauses without an antecedent as complements.
Different kinds of secondary predications can also occur as complements of perception verbs in Croatian Church Slavonic. Most often, they consists of an NP and a participle which agrees with it in gender, number and case. Extremely rare examples of secondary predications consisting of an NP and a non–agreeing form of the participle can be attributed to the influence of vernacular Croatian. Secondary predications may also consist of an NP and an agreeing adjective. It is shown that secondary predications are not full sentences, belonging to the categories CP or TP. It is most likely that they are projections of the category AspP.
Rarely, under Greek and Latin influence, perception verbs in Croatian Church Slavonic may take infinitival clauses as complements. In active sentences these are always accusatives with infinitives, and in passive sentences nominatives with infinitives. There are no infinitival complements with an implicit external argument, which are possible in modern Croatian and Slovenian. Infinitival complements are also not full sentences, but most probably, like participial constructions, projections of the category AspP.
As in modern South Slavic languages, an accusative noun phrase followed by a finite clause may also occur as a complement of verbs of perception. Part of these examples are NPs followed by relative clauses introduced by the relative pronoun iže.
The author compares the list of lexicon entries obtained by the digitalization of the Second Beram Breviary with the first two volumes of the Dictionary of the Croatian Redaction of Church Slavonic. ...Special attention is given to words which are missing from the Dictionary, as well as to those which are represented by a limited number of examples. The comparison is interesting for a number of reasons. Since the excerption of the dictionary corpus was not exhaustive, but selective, it is a kind of test of the representative quality of the Dictionary. On the other hand, it shows to what extent the inclusion of new documents (codices) enriches the dictionary corpus of the Croatian Church Slavonic language and whether there is a need for the compilation of the supplementary volume after the completion of the Dictionary.
Služba sv. Barbare
sačuvana je u
malom broju sanktorala hrvatskoglagoljskih brevijara. U radu se kroz
komparativnu analizu teksta u trima brevijarima gdje je ona sačuvana donosi
jezična slika Službe. ...Neslavenski predlošci tekstova unutar službe nisu
utvrđeni, no u mjeri u kojoj je to moguće donose se određene usporedbe i
upućuje na moguće smjerove daljnjih istraživanja. Upotreba imenice
spasь
umjesto
isusь
kao odlika najstarije hrvatskoglagoljske tradicije, kao i
činjenica da je u čitanjima tekst Mučenja sv. Barbare kojem je predložak bio
grčki, upućuju na to da je riječ o Službi koja je u sačuvane brevijare dospjela
prepisivanjem iz znatno starijih predložaka.
The
Office of St. Barbara
is preserved in a small number of the Sanctorale part of Croatian Glagolitic
breviaries. Through a comparative analysis of the text in the three breviaries
where it has been preserved, this paper provides a presentation of the linguistic
features of the
Office
. There are
certain differences in the length of the readings and the arrangement of the
readings and the singing parts, but the texts in the breviaries are generally
the same. Consequently, there are no significant differences between breviaries
at the linguistic level either. In general, it can be said that the
First Beram Breviary
has more regular
(Church Slavonic forms) in the
Office
than
the Vatican breviary
Illirico 10
and
Bribir breviary
. Non-Slavic protographs of
texts within the service have not been identified. However, to the extent
possible, certain comparisons have been drawn which point out to possible
directions for further research. The use of the noun
spasь
instead of
isusь
as
a feature of the oldest Croatian Glagolitic tradition, as well as the fact that
the template of the
Martyrdom of St.
Barbara
was Greek, suggests that the
Office
came into preserved breviaries by copying from a much older templates.
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