In this paper, we consider, for a set
A
of natural numbers, the following notions of finiteness
There are a natural number
l
and a bijection
f
between
{
x
∈
N
:
x
<
l
}
and
A
;
There is an upper ...bound for
A
;
There is
l
such that
∀
B
⊆
A
(
|
B
|
<
l
)
;
It is not the case that
∀
y
(
∃
x
>
y
)
(
x
∈
A
)
;
It is not the case that
∀
l
∃
B
⊆
A
(
|
B
|
=
l
)
,
and infiniteness
There are not a natural number
l
and a bijection
f
between
{
x
∈
N
:
x
<
l
}
and
A
;
There is no upper bound for
A
;
There is no
l
such that
∀
B
⊆
A
(
|
B
|
<
l
)
;
∀
y
(
∃
x
>
y
)
(
x
∈
A
)
;
∀
l
∃
B
⊆
A
(
|
B
|
=
l
)
.
In this paper, we systematically compare them in the method of constructive reverse mathematics. We show that the equivalence among them can be characterized by various combinations of induction axioms and non-constructive principles, including the axiom of bounded comprehension.
The deterioration of pulmonary function, such as FEV1-decline, is strongly associated with poor prognosis in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). However, few investigations ...shed light on useful biomarkers for predicting the decline of pulmonary function. We evaluated whether thymus and activation-regulated chemokine (TARC), a Th2 inflammation marker, could predict rapid FEV1-decline in COPD patients.
We recruited 161 patients with stable COPD and performed pulmonary function test once every six months. At the time of registration, blood tests, including serum levels of TARC were performed. We assessed the correlation between changes in parameters of pulmonary function tests and serum levels of TARC. The rapid-decline in pulmonary function was determined using 25th percentile of change in FEV1 or FEV1 percent predicted (%FEV1) per year.
In the FEV1-rapid-decline group, the frequency of exacerbations, the degree of emphysema, and serum levels of TARC was higher than in the non-rapid-decline group. When using %FEV1 as a classifier instead of FEV1, age, the frequency of exacerbations, the degree of emphysema and serum levels of TARC in the rapid-decline group was significantly greater than those in the non-rapid-decline group. In univariate logistic regression analysis, TARC was the significant predictive factor for rapid-decline group. In multivariate analysis adjusted for emphysema, serum levels of TARC are independently significant predicting factors for the rapid-decline group.
TARC is an independent predictive biomarker for the rapid-decline in FEV1. Measuring serum TARC levels may help the management of COPD patients by predicting the risk of FEV1 decline.
In this paper, we deal with a relationship among the law of excluded middle, the double negation elimination and the independence of premiss rule (
IPR
) for (many-sorted) intuitionistic predicate ...logic. After giving a general machinery, we give, as corollaries, several examples of extensions of
HA
and
HA
ω
which are closed under
IPR
but do not derive the independence of premiss axiom.
Lung function deterioration is significantly associated with poor prognosis in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). We previously reported that CC chemokine ligand 17/thymus ...and activation-regulated chemokine (CCL17/TARC) could be a predictive factor of lung function decline in patients with COPD. However, the role of CCL17 in the pathogenesis of COPD is unclear. Here we examined the role of CCL17 in lung inflammation using mouse COPD models. Exposure to cigarette smoking induced CCL17 production in bronchial epithelial cells and accumulation of alveolar macrophages in the lungs. Intranasal administration of recombinant CCL17 further enhanced cigarette smoke-induced macrophage accumulation and also aggravated elastase-induced pulmonary emphysema. We confirmed that cigarette smoke (CS) extract as well as hydrogen peroxide upregulated CCL17 in BAES-2B cells. Of note, macrophages of both M1 and M2 surface markers were accumulated by cigarette smoke. Both alveolar macrophage accumulation via exposure to cigarette smoking and emphysematous changes induced by elastase administration were significantly reduced in CCL17-deficient mice. We further demonstrated that CCL17 strongly induced the expression of CC chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2), a chemoattractant for macrophages, in RAW264.7 cells, and its production was inhibited by knockdown of CCR4, the receptor of CCL17. Collectively, the present results demonstrate that CCL17 is produced by lung epithelial cells upon CS exposure. Furthermore, CCL17 is involved in CS-induced accumulation of alveolar macrophages and development of elastase-induced pulmonary emphysema, possibly through CCL17-induced production of CCL2 by macrophages. Our findings may provide a new insight into the pathogenesis of COPD.
Objective Pulmonary function tests are essential for diagnosing respiratory diseases, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), but are typically not performed in Japan during annual ...health checkups, which hinders the early diagnosis of respiratory diseases. Methods Individuals who agreed to participate in the Yamagata-Takahata study during medical checkups in Takahata (Yamagata Prefecture, Japan) in 2011 were examined. We interviewed 669 participants (49.0% men; mean age, 67.7 years old) regarding their respiratory symptoms and smoking habits and performed pulmonary function tests during the study. Results Based on pulmonary function test results, 141 participants had pulmonary dysfunction, and 115 had obstructive pulmonary dysfunction. The risk of respiratory dysfunction, particularly obstructive respiratory dysfunction, was examined by referring to a questionnaire tool for an early COPD diagnosis. The associations between age, the smoking history, respiratory symptoms, and obstructive respiratory dysfunction were evaluated. Obstructive respiratory dysfunction was found in 17.6% of participants ≥50 years old and 19.5% ≥60 years old, 30.3% had a smoking history, and 32.8% had respiratory symptoms. Furthermore, the participants with multiple factors had a higher probability of obstructive respiratory dysfunction. Conclusion Subjects with obstructive pulmonary dysfunction are expected to be efficiently identified by extracting individuals by age and smoking habit and through a respiratory symptom questionnaire, although pulmonary function tests cannot be performed for all individuals during health checkups.
We present statements equivalent to some fragments of the principle of non-deterministic inductive definitions (NID) by van den Berg (2013), working in a weak subsystem of constructive set theory ...CZF. We show that several statements in constructive topology which were initially proved using NID are equivalent to the elementary and finitary NIDs. We also show that the finitary NID is equivalent to its binary fragment and that the elementary NID is equivalent to a variant of NID based on the notion of biclosed subset. Our result suggests that proving these statements in constructive topology requires genuine extensions of CZF with the elementary or finitary NID.
Hyperhomocysteinemia was reported to enhance endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and subsequent apoptosis in several cells. However, the precise mechanisms of smoking susceptibility associated with ...hyperhomocysteinemia has not been fully elucidated. This study included 7- to 9-week-old C57BL6 male mice induced with hyperhomocysteinemia and were exposed to cigarette smoke (CS). A549 cells (human alveolar epithelial cell line) were cultured with homocysteine and were exposed to cigarette smoke extract (CSE) to observe cell viability and expression of proteins related to the ER stress. After 6 months of CS exposure, pulmonary emphysema was more severely induced in the group under the condition of hyperhomocysteinemia compared to that in the control group. The apoptotic A549 cells increased as homocysteine concentration increased and that was enhanced by CSE. Protein expression levels of ER stress markers were significantly increased after simultaneous stimulation. Notably, vitamin B12 and folate supplementation improved ER stress after simultaneous stimulation of A549 cells. In this study, we showed that hyperhomocysteinemia exacerbates CS exposure-induced emphysema in mice, suggesting that hyperhomocysteinemia and CS stimulation enhance ER stress and subsequent induced apoptosis in alveolar epithelial cells. It was suggested that there is a synergistic effect between homocysteine and CS.
We introduce the notion of a
convex
tree. We show that the binary expansion for real numbers in the unit interval (
BE
) is equivalent to weak König lemma (
WKL
) for trees having at most two nodes ...at each level, and we prove that the intermediate value theorem is equivalent to
WKL
for convex trees, in the framework of constructive reverse mathematics.
In this note, we prove that certain theories of (many‐sorted) intuitionistic predicate logic are closed under the independence of premiss rule (IPR). As corollaries, we show that HA and HAω extended ...by some non‐classical axioms and non‐constructive axioms are closed under IPR.
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