While gender is the genetic, physiological, and biological characteristics of a person as a woman or a man, gender is the social identity roles with the personality features that are formed by the ...social and cultural evaluation of the differences between men and women. Gender is a term that relates to how society sees, perceives, thinks, and wants a person to behave as a man or a woman. Socialization is a process by which a person becomes a part of society and gains identity and gender stereotypes. Gender equality means that women and men have equal rights before the law, treated equally, and benefit from opportunities and services in society. This article draws attention to the existence of conditions that show that gender inequality is against women in the 21st century.
According to author, "systematic and deliberate exposure to hostile and unethical aggressive behavior by an individual or a group people in the workplace" (Leymann 1990, 1996). Unfortunately, ...monitoring the mobbing process is just as problematic as the implementation of mobbing. ...to accept a behavior as mobbing; it should occur in the work environment, it should repeat, contain intentions, intimidate or dismiss the person (Leymann 1996, Tutar 2004, Tınaz 2011). First degree mobbing: ...degree mobbing: ...degree mobbing: According to results of the many studies, women have distinct perspectives and abilities than men, also women workers are mostly managed but male workers mostly in the manager position (Davenport et al. 2003, Çöl 2008).
Recently, being a universal fact, mobbing has been attracted academic interest in Turkey as well. Psychological violence in the workplace (mobbing) is a process in which one or more of the employees, ...for at least 6 months another employee or group, has a variety of behaviors that may threaten mental and physical health, such as long-term and systematic humiliation, prevention of duties. It is a malicious behavior model that aims to expel people from their work by the applying unfair accusations, gossip, humiliation, emotional abuse and psychological violence. Mobbing behaviors happen quite destructive effects on the person-nel’s motivation, productivity, job satisfaction, performance and organizational loyalty level. Although mobbing is a phenome-non that can be encountered in every sector, it is more common among employees of education and higher education sector. Mobbing can happen to any employee regardless of gender, age, seniority or educational background.
Studies attempting to clarify the relationship between major depressive disorder (MDD) and the immune system have been increasing in recent years. It was reported that increased production of the ...main proinflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin-1, interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and that of acute phase reactants may play a role in the etiopathogenesis of depression. Stress and depression were reported to increase leukocyte and neutrophil counts and to decrease lymphocyte count. Biological determinants affecting the diagnosis, therapy, and prognosis of depression are quite limited. Therefore, new etiological models are needed to explain the pathophysiology of depression. In recent years, neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) was determined to be a good indicator of inflammatory status. There is no study in the literature investigating NLR in MDD. This study aims to examine the role of inflammation in the etiology of depression based on the NLR in MDD patients who are undergoing no pharmacological therapy. A total of 41 patients diagnosed with MDD, who received no antidepressant therapy within the past 1 month, were included in the study, which took place between January and March 2015. The control group consisted of 47 healthy subjects with no psychiatric disorders. A sociodemographic information form and a Beck Depression Scale were administered, and the blood was taken for biochemical analysis. Significant differences were identified in the NLR, neutrophil count, lymphocyte percentage, and leukocyte values of the patient group when compared with the control group (P<0.05). Our study is the first in which NLR was investigated in MDD. The findings of the study reveal that NLR tends to be higher in patients with MDD, and a high NLR value supports the view that inflammation is a critical factor in the etiology of MDD.
Aile içi şiddet deneyimi, çocuğun doğrudan bir mağdur ya da tanık olmasına bakılmaksızın fiziksel, zihinsel ve psikolojik olarak kalıcı zararlara yol açabilir. Standart bir tanımı olmamakla birlikte, ...genel olarak çocuklukta cinsel istismar ve ensestin eksik bildirildiği kabul edilmektedir. Cinsel istismarın çoğunluğu çocukluk çağında görülür, bununla beraber ensest en yaygın görülen biçimidir. Ensest, aile üyeleri ya da yakın akrabalar arasında cinsel bir faaliyet ya da saldırıdır ve çocuğun cinsel istismarı olarak da tanımlanabilir. Diğer yandan, pedofilik bozukluk, ergenlik öncesi bir çocuğa, en az 6 aylık bir süre boyunca, tekrarlayan, şiddetli cinsel dürtüler veya davranışlar içeren cinsel aktivite olarak tanımlanmaktadır. Bu makalede, cinsel istismarın klinik, sosyal ve adli sonuçları araştırılmış ve sosyal politikayı bilgilendirme ve zihinsel sağlık uygulamalarına rehberlik etme konusunda oldukça yardımcı olması amaçlanmıştır.
Synthetic cannabinoids which is a subgroup of cannabinoids are commonly used for recreational drug use throughout the whole world. Although both marijuana and synthetic cannabinoids stimulate the ...same receptors, cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1) and cannabinoid receptor 2 (CB2), studies have shown that synthetic cannabinoids are much more potent than marijuana. The longer use of synthetic cannabinoids can cause severe physical and psychological symptoms that might even result in death, similar to many known illicit drugs. Main treatment options mostly involve symptom management and supportive care. The aim of this article is to discuss clinical and pharma-cological properties of the increasingly used synthetic cannabinoids.
•Prolidase activity may be a diagnostic marker for schizophrenia.•Prolidase level 392.65U/L could be a valid diagnostic measure.•Increased prolidase activity is related to the pathogenesis of the ...disease regardless of antipsychotic medications.
We investigated whether prolidase activity has a diagnostic test value in schizophrenia and assessed the relation between prolidase activity and sociodemographic-clinical characteristics of patients with schizophrenia. Fifty patients with schizophrenia (diagnosed as schizophrenia according to DSM-V criteria) and 50 healthy volunteers were included in this study. Case and control groups had a similar distribution in age, sex, body mass index (BMI), and smoking status. Serum prolidase activity was measured in both groups and was determined to be significantly higher in the patient group (509.706±41.918) compared to the control group (335.4±13.6; t=6.231; p=0.0001). A cut-off point of 392.65U/L prolidase was determined for diagnostic measures from the plotted ROC curve. The area under the ROC curve was 1.000, which was significant (p<0.0001). Higher values were assigned as the disease state. Both positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) were 100% at the cut-off point of 392.650U/L. The prolidase levels of the control group were all below the cut-off point. There were no statistically significant differences between the two groups with regard to age, gender, or BMI (p>0.05), and no correlation was found between mean prolidase activity and age of onset of the disease, family history, disease duration, number of hospitalizations, subtypes of schizophrenia, PANSS scores or sub-scores, CGI-S scores, S-A scale scores, and the antipsychotic treatment (p>0.05). The results of this study indicate that serum prolidase activity may be a useful diagnostic test for schizophrenia; however, further studies are needed to verify this.
Prolidase activity in major depressive disorder Demir, Süleyman; İbiloğlu, Aslıhan Okan; Güneş, Mehmet ...
Journal of clinical and experimental investigations,
10/2015, Volume:
6, Issue:
3
Journal Article
Open access
Objective: Prolidase enzyme, which exists in plasma, brain and various organs, is a cytosolic exopeptidase, that divisor the imidodipeptides with carboxyl terminal position of proline and ...hydroxyproline. The aim of the present study was to investigate serum prolidase activity level in major depressive disorder (MDD). Methods: This study included 22 patients with MDD as the study group, and 26 healthy subjects without any psychiatric disorders as the control group. Each patient underwent a detailed diagnostic evaluation by experienced psychiatrists. The sociodemographic information form given to both patients and the control subjects, while Hamilton Depression Scale Scoring (HDS), Hamilton Anxiety Scale Scoring (HAS), Clinical Global Impression Scoring (CGI) applied to patients. Blood samples were obtained for biochemical analyses. Results: The mean age of the patient group was 31.3±10.1 years old, whereas the mean age of the control group was 32.3±8.8 years old. The mean duration of the education for the patient group was 8.1±6.2 years, whereas for the control group was 10.2±3.8 years. There was no significant differences in terms of the mean age of participants and the mean duration of the education between two groups (p>0.05). The level of prolidase activity of patient group was 510.3±480.8 U/L, whereas the level of prolidase activity of control group was 457.8±386.0 U/L. No significant difference was observed in serum prolidase activity between patient and the control groups (p>0.05). Conclusion: In our study similar level of prolidase activity was found in MDD and healthy subjects. We suggest that this finding may be an evidence indicating that MDD and bipolar depression may be different clinical entities.
Suicide is an important health problem in Turkey as it is in all regions of the world. Suicidal behavior has multiple causes, which are broadly divided into those related to proximal stressors and ...those due to predisposition. Suicide statistics may be associated with mental health disorders, which are among the foremost predictors of suicide attempts. More than 90% of patients who commit suicide have a diagnosable psychiatric disorder, usually a major depressive disorder. Other major risk factors for suicide attempts are history of suicide attempts in the family, stressful life events, sleep disturbances, poor income, unemployment, severity of symptoms of depression, and anxiety. Sleep is a complex phenomenon. Sleep disturbances can therefore be contributed to the emergence of suicidal behavior allowing for the possibility of predicting future suicides.
We evaluated 106 patients who were admitted after suicide attempts to the Department of Psychiatry at Dicle University Faculty of Medicine. The recruited subjects were assessed by Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I disorders, and the intensity of symptoms was evaluated using the Beck Anxiety Inventory, Hamilton Depression Rating Scale, and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. The mean values of the subjects attempting multiple and single suicides were compared using appropriate inferential statistical tests.
Most suicide attempts are believed to be preventable. Our results revealed that a great variety of risk factors are associated with an increased risk for multiple suicide attempts. Most of these attempts appeared to be spontaneous and impulsive rather than planned. In particular, this study highlights the importance of previous suicide attempts, history of suicide in the family, history of stressful life events in the previous 6 months, poor income, unemployment, sleep disturbances, severe hopelessness with depression, and coexisting symptoms of anxiety as risk factors.
The first step in prevention of suicides is doubtlessly strong and reliable communication, due to the fact that the majority of subjects who commit suicide have had contact with a health professional during the month before the suicide.
Purpose: We aimed to here, determine whether the different sociodemographic and clinical variables of polygamous and monogamous marriages.Materials and Methods: 104 polygamous husbands with 56 ...monogamous husbands from Diyarbakir which located in southeastern region of Turkey, were face to face interviewed, by the researchers. Complaints of all participants were assessed through the SCL-90-R test.Results: Our findings show that about 75% of the husbands were pleased to in polygamous marriages. There was significantly differences between senior wives and junior wives’ ages, in polygamous marriage. Polygamous husbands' GSI subscore, in SCL-90-R, along with their psychoticism, hostility and phobic anxiety's sub-scores were significantly higher than scores of monogamous husbands. Conclusion: A growing number of studies show that, polygamous marriage is associated with depressive and anxiety disorders, somatization disorders and a loss of self-esteem. In addition to, having the responsibility of supporting “multiple women and children”, men can have different problems in a polygamous marriage. It should be noted that, polygamy is a complex phenomenon with deep cultural, social, economic, and political roots that has been associated with child’s, husband’s and wive’s mental health symptoms. Our results, polygamous marriages are associated with higher risk for psychiatric disorders among the all family members, regardless of their education, family socioeconomic profiles and household composition as well as these results highlighted important implications for clinical practices and future researches.
Amaç: Burada çok eşli ve tek eşli evliliklerin sosyodemografik ve klinik değişkenler açısından farklılıkları olup olmadığını araştırmayı amaçladık. Gereç ve Yöntem: Güneydoğu bölgesindeki Diyarbakır ilinde, araştırmacılar tarafından tek eşli evliliği olan 56 ve çok eşli evliliği olan 104 koca ve aileleri ile yüz yüze görüşüldü. Tüm katılımcıların şikayetleri, SCL-90-R testi aracılığıyla değerlendirildi. Bulgular: Elde ettiğimiz bulgular, çok eşli evlilikleri olan kocaların yaklaşık % 75'inin bu durumdan memnun olduğunu göstermektedir. Çok eşli evliliklerde, ilk eşler ile daha sonra evlenilen hanımların yaşları açısından belirgin farklılıklar olduğu saptandı. Çok eşli evliliklerde kocaların uygulanan SCL-90-R testi, GSI alt ölçek skorları ile psikotizm, düşmanlık ve fobik anksiyete alt ölçek skorları, tek eşli evlilikleri olan kocaların SCL-90-R testi alt ölçek puanlarından belirgin derecede yüksek bulundu. Sonuç: Çok eşli evliliklerde, erkeklerin çok sayıda kadın ve çocuğu destekleme konusunda sahip oldukları büyük sorumlulukların yanı sıra daha farklı sorunları da olabilir. Çok eşliliğin, derin kültürel, sosyal, ekonomik ve politik kökleri ile çocuk, koca ve eşleri de içeren tüm aile bireylerinin psikiyatrik sorunları ile ilişkili karmaşık bir fenomen olduğu unutulmamalıdır. Sonuçlarımız, çok eşliliğin görüldüğü aile yapılarında, ailenin sosyoekonomik profili, eğitimi ve hane halkının kompozisyonuna bakılmaksızın, tüm aile üyelerinde bazı psikiyatrik bozuklukların daha sık görüldüğünü saptamakta, yanı sıra klinik uygulamalar ve gelecekteki araştırmalar için de önemli noktaları vurgulamaktadır.
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