Unscented Kalman filter (UKF) is one type of the sigma point Kalman filters and it is based on unscented transformation. UKF is used for parameter estimation of various dynamic systems and for such ...purpose either joint UKF (JUKF) or dual UKF (DUKF) schemes are considered. JUKF is based on estimating states and parameters together by using only one filter. For DUKF, states and parameters are decoupled and two separate filters are considered. In this paper, a modification to standard JUKF is proposed for parameter estimation which is based on decoupling parameter vector and updating parameter estimates by considering the error transformation between measurements and transformed sigma points during measurement update into the parameter errors. A linear transformation is proposed for such a purpose. Thus, the computational complexity of the standard JUKF is reduced significantly since parameters are decoupled from the state vector while the convergence of parameter estimate(s) is guaranteed. The new modified JUKF scheme is promising to be used for the parameter estimation of dynamic systems for which a linear transformation between measurement and parameter errors can be obtained. The effectiveness of this new scheme is proven by applying it to two nonlinear dynamic systems.
Insight is provided herein into the novel mechanisms of cardiometabolic risk. Previous reports, including the epidemiological work of the Turkish Adult Risk Factor study, indicated that ...proinflammatory state and oxidative stress are crucial for evaluating cardiometabolic risk. Autoimmune pathways in the course of oxidative stress are major determinants of cardiorenal and metabolic risk. The latter encompasses metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes, coronary heart disease, and chronic kidney disease (CKD). Along with platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase, creatinine, thyroid stimulating hormone, acylation-stimulating protein, asymmetric dimethylarginine, and serum lipoproteinLp(a) are triggers of systemic low-grade inflammation and enhanced autoimmune reactions. Related studies are analyzed in the current review. Lp(a) plays a crucial role by taking part in the immune activation, thereby accelerating the course of diabetes, CKD, and other chronic disorders. Populations prone to impaired glucose tolerance, and particularly peri- and postmenopausal women, are at high risk of developing related vascular complications.
The aim of the present assessment was to identify "genuine" medical papers generated by Turkey's institutions that have contributed most to cardiovascular medicine.
Based on Web of Science data, 160 ...papers were identified as having received 40 or more citations as of late July 2015. Papers with more than minor contribution from international authors were excluded.
A total of 127 primary authors generated 160 papers, each receiving ≥40 (95% confidence interval 40-165) citations. These papers corresponded in quality to the global top 15% and were estimated to represent a global share of 3 per mille. Half were published between 2001 and 2006, with a median exposure period of 10.4 years. An estimated 9 of these papers have been produced in Turkey annually since around the turn of the century. Cardiology generated 120 articles, cardiovascular surgery 35, and pediatric cardiology 6. These papers originated from only 28 medical faculties, Gülhane Military Medical Academy (GATA), and 9 hospitals that are not academically affiliated. A majority of related Turkish institutions have shown disappointing performance.
The present assessment demonstrates that the unsatisfactory performance of Turkey's contribution to cardiovascular medicine has further regressed, if slightly, particularly since 2006. Unless a wide-scale concerted effort is made to build an environment focused on research with a potential to contribute, Turkey's gap in the field is likely to widen.
Cardiovascular risk factors as well as morbidity and mortality from coronary heart disease among Turkish adults are herein reviewed. Lipids and lipoproteins are in focus, but other relevant risk ...factors are also discussed. Turks have distinctively low levels of total and high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol, associated with high levels of hepatic lipase and fasting triglycerides. In addition, physical inactivity is common in both genders; close to 60% of men have the smoking habit, while obesity is common among Turkish women leading to a high prevalence of hypertension and diabetes in them. These factors probably account for the unanticipated fact that Turkish adults have the pattern of causes of death similar to a developed population, although the process of industrialization is ongoing, the structure of its population is young and overall cholesterol levels are comparatively low. The age-standardized coronary heart disease death rate is estimated to rank among the highest in Europe. The leading independent predictors of coronary events and death systolic blood pressure, total/HDL-cholesterol ratio, followed by diabetes and (central) obesity are related to the metabolic syndrome, estimated to prevail in 3–4% of adults aged 30 or over, and to underlie one-eighth of cases of coronary disease. Since several adverse factors exhibit a rising trend, primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease must assume a much higher priority in various issues in Turkey than it currently does.
Objectives To determine the association of atherogenic index of plasma (AIP), the logarithm of molar ratio of triglyceridemia to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (TG/HDL-cholesterol) with ...cardiometabolic disorders was investigated in a sample of the Turkish population. Methods A total of 2676 middle-aged adults were prospectively evaluated with a clinical examination and laboratory tests during 7.8 years' follow-up. Results AIP was significantly associated in multiple linear regression analyses with greater apolipoprotein B and lower low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol levels, reflecting the presence of smaller LDL particle size. Whereas in men insulin levels, obesity, and nonHDL-cholesterol were major determinants, C-reactive protein (CRP) was the strongest determinant of AIP among women, independent of body mass index. Top quartiles of AIP predicted significantly age-adjusted incident coronary heart disease (CHD) in both sexes, more strongly in women, in whom quartile 3 also was a predictor with a greater than 2-fold relative risk. Associations remained significant after adjustment for CRP and traditional risk factors. AIP significantly predicted diabetes and high blood pressure in both sexes after adjustment for age and CRP. With regard to incident high blood pressure, the risk ratio in men was attenuated when body mass index also was adjusted. Conclusions High AIP, a surrogate of small LDL particle size, reflects obesity and hyperinsulinemia in men and high CRP status in women. It predicts CHD independently, type 2 diabetes mediated by obesity in men and in women, high blood pressure, metabolic syndrome, and CHD potentially mediated by involvement in a proinflammatory status reflected by CRP.
To study mortality in relation to fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and 2-h plasma glucose levels within the normoglycemic range.
Data from 19 European cohorts comprising 12,566 men and 10,874 women who ...had FPG <6.1 mmol/l and 2-h plasma glucose <7.8 mmol/l at baseline examination were analyzed. Multivariate-adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% CIs for deaths from cardiovascular disease (CVD), non-CVD, and all causes were estimated for individuals whose 2-h plasma glucose > FPG (group II) compared with those whose 2-h plasma glucose ≤ FPG (group I).
A total of 827 (246) CVD and 611 (351) non-CVD and 1,438 (597) all-cause deaths occurred in men (women). Group II was older and had higher BMI, blood pressure, and fasting insulin than group I. The multivariate-adjusted HRs (95% CIs) for CVD, non-CVD, and all-cause mortality were 1.22 (1.05-1.41), 1.09 (0.92-1.29), and 1.16 (1.04-1.30) in men and 1.40 (1.03-1.89), 0.99 (0.79-1.25), and 1.13 (0.94-1.35) in women, respectively, for group II as compared with group I. HRs were 1.25 (1.05-1.50), 1.09 (0.89-1.34), and 1.18 (1.03-1.35) in men and 1.60 (1.03-2.48), 1.05 (0.78-1.42), and 1.18 (0.93-1.51) in women, respectively, after additional adjustment for fasting insulin in a subgroup of individuals.
In individuals with both FPG and 2-h plasma glucose within the normoglycemic range, high 2-h plasma glucose was associated with insulin resistance and increased CVD mortality.
It can be life-saving to monitor the respiratory rate (RR) even for healthy people in real-time. It is reported that the infected people with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), generally develop ...mild respiratory symptoms in the early stage. It will be more important to continuously monitor the RR of people in nursing homes and houses with a non-contact method. Conventional, contact-based, methods are not suitable for long-term health monitoring especially in-home care services. The potentials of wireless radio signals for health care applications, such as fall detection, etc., are examined in literature. In this paper, we focus on a device-free real-time RR monitoring system using wireless signals. In our recent study, we proposed a non-contact RR monitoring system with a batch processing (delayed) estimation method. In this paper, for real-time monitoring, we modify the standard joint unscented Kalman filter (JUKF) method for this new and time-critical problem. Due to the nonlinear structure of the RR estimation problem with respect to the measurements, a novel modification is proposed to transform measurement errors into parameter errors by using the hyperbolic tangent function. It is shown in the experiments conducted with the real measurements taken using healthy volunteers that the proposed modified joint unscented Kalman filter (ModJUKF) method achieves the highest accuracy according to the windowing-based methods in the time-varying RR scenario. It is also shown that the ModJUKF not only reduces the computational complexity approximately 8.54% but also improves the accuracy 36.7% with respect to the standard JUKF method.
Turkey's institutions in cardiovascular medicine were evaluated regarding publication output in 2013 based on data available in the Web of Science. Only articles in full-text and reviews appearing in ...source publications covered by the Science Citation Index proper were included. A fractional count system was used for items published jointly with a foreign or a non-cardiological Turkish institution. Turkey's publications increased numerically to 268, and its global share from 4.3 to 6.0 per mille, yet only to the level of 2001. Articles originating from adult cardiology numbered 188 (70%), while cardiovascular surgery and pediatric cardiology contributed 15% each. Three hospitals affiliated with the Ministry of Health (Kartal Koşuyolu, M. Akif Ersoy and Türkiye Yüksek İhtisas Hastanesi) and the cardiology departments of the medical faculties of Başkent, Hacettepe and Ege Universities ranked highest, each generating 7-15 papers. The median impact factor remained similar to the preceding year, at 1.52 (interquartile range 1.20-2.31). The undertaking of promotional and supportive measures by the central authorities regarding the conspicuous decline in Turkey's medical research output is long overdue.
To identify "genuine" publications from Turkey's institutions since 1992 that have cumulatively contributed the most to global cardiovascular medicine.
Based on data from the Web of Science, 146 ...publications from Turkey were identified having received ≥50 citations as of late July, 2017. Papers with more than a minor share by international authors were excluded.
Hundred and ten primary authors generated 147 medical papers which received ≥50 (interquartile range, 54; 86) citations. These articles corresponded in quality to the top 12% global papers. Half of the articles were published from 2002 to late 2007, with a median exposure period of 12 years. Peak performance was reached in 2004-'07, with a mean of 15-20 papers annually, which then regressed to five papers in 2008-'13, representing an estimated 50% decline. Cardiology generated 105 articles (20 in collaboration with other branches), cardiovascular surgery generated 27 articles, and pediatric cardiology generated 5 articles. Publications arose from 26 medical faculties, Gülhane Military Academy, and 9 hospitals not which were not academically affiliated. The performance of many related Turkish institutions was disappointing.
Turkey's contribution to cardiovascular medicine has further declined slightly in the current assessment, particularly since 2007. To prevent a further gap in Turkey's contribution to the field, an undelayed return is needed by building an environment that allows focusing on research with a potential to contribute to medicine.
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