This paper is a follow-up study to Trade and Structural Adjustment: Embracing Globalisation (OECD 2005) which identified policies for successful trade-related structural adjustment. It draws further ...policy implications through the analysis of three sectors which were not specifically/fully covered in the initial report: agriculture (tobacco and coffee), telecommunications and...
Le présent document s'inscrit, comme les quatre autres études de cas, dans le cadre d'un vaste
programme de recherches sur les échanges et l'ajustement structurel dans les économies non membres, qui
...a été entrepris à la suite de l'étude Trade and Structural Adjustment : Embracing Globalisation (OCDE,
2005) sur les politiques d'ajustement structurel dans le domaine des échanges. Il étudie les expériences de
libéralisation des échanges et d'ajustement structurel en Asie de l'Est et en Amérique latine, ainsi que leurs
résultats en termes de performances économiques et commerciales.
Le rapport comprend cinq grandes sections ; après une introduction, la section A examine tout
d'abord les résultats obtenus en matière de croissance et le rôle des échanges et de l'IDE. La section B
traite de l'évolution des politiques relatives aux échanges dans les deux régions, tandis que la section C
passe en revue quelques indicateurs des échanges et de l'investissement direct étranger. La section D
compare l'ajustement structurel dans les deux régions. Enfin, la section E expose les conclusions de
l'étude.
This paper, together with four other country case studies, is a part of a broader research programme addressing trade and structural adjustment issues in non-member economies which was conducted as a ...follow-up to Trade and Structural Adjustment: Embracing Globalisation (OECD, 2005) which identified policies for successful trade-related structural adjustment. This paper studies the trade liberalisation and structural adjustment experiences and their outcomes in terms of economic and trade performance in East Asia and Latin America. The report consists of 5 main sections; After an introduction, Section A first looks at the growth performance and role of trade and FDI. Section B looks at trade related policy trends in the two regions while section C looks at some trade and foreign direct investment indicators. Section D compares the structural adjustment in the two regions and Section E concludes.
This paper, together with four other country case studies, is a part of a broader research
programme addressing trade and structural adjustment issues in non-member economies which was
conducted as a ...follow-up to Trade and Structural Adjustment: Embracing Globalisation (OECD, 2005)
which identified policies for successful trade-related structural adjustment. This paper studies the trade
liberalisation and structural adjustment experiences and their outcomes in terms of economic and trade
performance in East Asia and Latin America.
The report consists of 5 main sections; After an introduction, Section A first looks at the growth
performance and role of trade and FDI. Section B looks at trade related policy trends in the two regions
while section C looks at some trade and foreign direct investment indicators. Section D compares the
structural adjustment in the two regions and Section E concludes.
On trouvera dans ce document une étude des zones franches d’exportation (ZFE), de plus en plus
répandues comme instrument de développement et de croissance fondée sur l’exportation, puisqu’elles sont
...utilisées aujourd’hui par plus de 100 pays dans le monde entier.
This paper studies export processing zones (EPZs) which have become increasingly popular as a
policy tool for development and export-oriented growth, and can be found in 130 countries around the
...world.
The report consists of four parts. Part I provides a broad overview on the current use of EPZs,
including the evolution of EPZ policy, their objectives and how these are achieved, and the incentives
commonly offered. It presents case studies from China, India and Russia illustrating new trends and
policies. Part II then provides a review of the economic costs and benefits of EPZs with particular focus on
their trade and employment implications. Part III presents an analysis of how common EPZ policies relate
to trade rules. It reviews the relationship between EPZs and the WTO Agreements such as the WTO
Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures (ASCM), followed by a discussion of how EPZs are
commonly treated in RTAs. Part IV concludes.
EPZs are a sub-optimal policy from an economic point of view since it benefits the few and
distorts resource allocation, but may be useful as a stepping stone to trade liberalisation on a national basis.
Governments should consider all available policy options, and conduct a thorough cost/benefit analysis
before implementation.
This report concerns a 66-year-old man suffering from prevertebral abscesses with a protracted insidious clinical course and subsequent lethal and acute pyogenic meningitis. The patient had a ...three-month history of mild neck pain, and died as a result of septic shock due to staphylococcus aureus (methicillin susceptible) infection two days after admission to the hospital. At autopsy, abscesses encapsulated by fibrous connective tissue were found on the ventral surfaces of the cervical and thoracic regions of the spine. The prevertebral abscess on the upper cervical region was organized with dense fibrous tissue and contained a small number of inflammatory cells. On the other hand, the prevertebral abscess on the thoracic region was purulent and contained numerous inflammatory cells, macrophages and gram-positive cocci. Pyogenic spondylitis and discitis accompanying the prevertebral abscesses were multiple and widespread. These features suggested that the abscesses developed initially on the cervical region, extended caudally through the prevertebral space, directly involving the corpus vertebrae and discs, and ultimately caused sepsis. It is important to note that prevertebral abscesses can exhibit a protracted clinical course with only mild symptom such as minor neck pain and then manifest abruptly as acute meningitis and sepsis.
At least seven adult-onset neurodegenerative diseases, including Huntington's disease (HD), are caused by genes containing expanded CAG triplets within their coding regions. The expanded CAG repeats ...give rise to extended stretches of polyglutamines (Q^sub n^) in the proteins expressed by the affected genes. Generally, n ≥40 in affected individuals and ≤36 in clinically unaffected individuals. The expansion has been proposed to confer a "toxic gain of function" to the mutated protein. Poly-Q domains have recently been shown to be excellent substrates of tissue transglutaminase. We investigated the effects of expression of glutathione S-transferase constructs containing poly-Q inserts of various lengths (GSTQ^sub n^ where n = 0, 10, 62 or 81) on the activity of some key metabolic enzymes in the host Escherischia coil-an organism not known to have transglutaminase activity. E. coil carrying the GSTQ^sub 62^ construct exhibited statistically significant decreases in the specific activities of α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex (KGDHC) and pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDHC). Previous work has shown that KGDHC and PDHC activities are reduced in the brains of Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients. Our results suggest that KGDHC and PDHC may be particularly susceptible to the effects of a number of disparate insults, including those associated with AD and HD.PUBLICATION ABSTRACT
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