The objective was to evaluate the biogas production from ruminal biomass of different genetic groups of sheep. Twelve prototypes of experimental biodigesters were used in batch, which were supplied ...with ruminal biomass of two genetic groups of sheep (Rabo Largo and Santa Inês) that during a period of confinement were fed with two diets characterized as high and low concentrate, with proportions of 70% and 30%, respectively. After the animals were slaughtered, all ruminal contents were collected according to the genetic groups and feeding levels, being this the materials that constituted ruminal biomass. A completely randomized design with four treatments and three replications was used. The analyzed variables were temperature, pH, biogas production and pressure. The inoculation of the ruminal biomass of the different genetic groups of sheep studied presented favorable conditions to produce biogas, demonstrating efficiency in the anaerobic digestion process.
Foi conduzido um experimento para avaliar o comportamento ingestivo de eqüinos sob pastejo em pastagens de Paspalum notatum e Brachiaria decumbens. O delineamento experimental foi o inteiramente ...casualizado, com dois pastos representando os tratamentos, cada um com cinco repetições. O período experimental foi de 40 dias, sendo 30 para adaptação dos animais e 10 para avaliações, que consistiram de três, com duração de 24 horas cada, em intervalos de cinco dias. Os cavalos passaram mais tempo pastejando no período diurno no pasto de Brachiaria decumbens (10,58 horas) em relação ao tempo passado no pasto de Paspalum notatum (7,69 horas). Com relação ao tempo de pastejo noturno, a situação se inverteu: os animais pastejaram maior tempo durante o dia e diminuíram o ritmo durante a noite (2,91 horas de pastejo) no pasto de Brachiaria decumbens. O tempo de ócio noturno foi superior no Paspalum notatum (4,15 horas). Os animais apresentaram maior número de bocados (22.720) no pastejo do capim Paspalum notatum comparado ao Brachiaria decumbens, no qual diminuiu-se a quantidade de bocados (17166).
SUMMARY This study aimed to evaluate the chemical composition and in situ degradation dry matter of maize straw ammoniated with urea. This was a completely randomized design with five levels of ...ammoniation (0; 2; 4; 6 and 8% dry matter), with five repetitions. There was effect (P<0.05) of the ammoniation process on the retention of nitrogen in maize straw. For each 1% utilization of urea, we observed a reduction of 1.57% nitrogen retention. The dry matter content was not influenced (P>0.05) by the ammoniation; straw presented a mean value of 75%. In turn, the crude protein content increased (P<0.05) with ammoniation, increasing from 2.74% in the straw without treatment to 10 and 11% with the levels of 6 and 8% urea, respectively. For each 1% urea used, we found a reduction (P<0.05) of 0.65% in the neutral detergent fiber content of maize straw. The acid detergent fiber presented effect (P<0.05) in response to ammoniation. The technique provided a reduction of 0.69% acid detergent fiber for each 1% urea used. For dry matter degradation, we observed an increase in the soluble fraction up to the level of 6% urea. The ammoniation process favored the increase in the dry matter degradation rate of maize straw. It is recommended to conduct the ammoniation process in maize straw with 6% urea.
RESUMO Objetivou-se avaliar a composição químico bromatológica e degradação in situ da matéria seca da palha de milho amonizada com ureia. Adotou-se delineamento inteiramente casualizado com cinco níveis de amonização (0; 2; 4; 6 e 8% da matéria seca), com cinco repetições. Verificou-se efeito (P<0,05) do processo de amonização sobre a retenção de nitrogênio na palha de milho. Para cada 1% de utilização da uréia foi observado redução de 1,57% de retenção de nitrogênio. O teor de matéria seca não foi influenciada (P>0,05) pelo processo de amonização, a palha apresentou valor médio de 75%. Já o teor de proteína bruta aumentou (P<0,05) com a amonização, elevando valores de 2,74% da palha sem tratamento para 10 e 11% com os níveis de 6 e 8% de uréia, respectivamente. Para cada 1% de uréia utilizado foi observado redução (P<0,05) de 0,65% no teor de fibra em detergente neutro da palha do milho. A fibra em detergente ácido apresentou efeito (P<0,05) em resposta à amonização. A técnica proporcionou redução de 0,69% de fibra em detergente ácido para cada 1% de ureia utilizada. Para a degradação da matéria seca foi observado aumento na fração solúvel até o nível de 6% de ureia. O processo de amonização favoreceu o aumento na taxa de degradação da matéria seca da palha de milho. Recomenda-se que o processo de amonização na palha de milho seja realizado com níveis de 6% de ureia.
Abstract This study aimed to measure the carbohydrate and protein fractioning of silage of Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu (BBS). The experiment was a completely randomized design with five ...treatments and five repetitions to evaluate the inclusion of dehydrated brewery residue (DBR) to Marandu grass silage at levels of 0, 10, 20, 30 and 40% fresh matter basis. The DBR inclusion resulted in a linear reduction (P<0.05) of total carbohydrate content, which decreased 0.35% per unit of residue added. The content of fraction B2 decreased linearly as DBR was added (P<0.05). Nitrogen content increased linearly when residue was added to silage of Marandu grass (P<005). Fraction A, obtained from Marandu grass, presented a linear increasing behavior according to the inclusion of DBR. This inclusion promoted a linear decrease (P<0.05) of fraction B1+B2, which resulted in a 0.37% reduction for each 1% of byproduct added. Dehydrated brewery residue is a good source of additives for ensiling Marandu grass, by considerably improving fractions of proteins and carbohydrates. The level of addition of 40% is recommended for providing better nutritional value to silage.
SUMMARY This experiment evaluated the correlation between the estimates of fecal digestibility and dry matter digestibility (DMD) and nutrients obtained using internal (indigestibles dry materiDM, ...neutral detergent fiber-iNDF, acid detergent fiber-iADF and acid detergent ligniniADL) and external (chromium oxide-Cr2O3, titanium dioxide-TiO2, and purified and enriched lignin from eucalyptus-LIPE®) markers and the values obtained by the total feces collection method. Twenty uncastrated male sheep, with 29.64±5.53 kg average live weight; approximately 12 months old, were kept in metabolic cages and fed diets containing untreated sugarcane-top hay or sugarcane-top hay hydrolyzed with 3 and 6% urea or 1.5 and 3% calcium oxide (CaO). There was a positive correlation (P<.05) between the fecal production estimated by the markers and via total feces collection, with coefficients higher than 90% for iDM, Cr2O3, and TiO2. The DMD and nutrients estimated with the use of markers was positively correlated (P<.05) with that obtained by total feces collection. Coefficients of correlation for digestibility obtained by total collection were higher than those obtained with Cr2O3, but close to those obtained using TiO2. The coefficient of correlation between the digestibility of protein and fiber fraction estimated with iDM and iNDF and that obtained by total collection was higher than 70%. Internal marker iDM and external markers Cr2O3 and TiO2 are effective in estimating fecal production and DMD and nutrients.
RESUMO Avaliou-se a correlação das estimativas de produção fecal e digestibilidade da matéria seca (DMS) e nutrientes obtidas por indicadores internos (matéria seca-MSi, fibra em detergente neutro-FDNi, fibra em detergente ácido-FDAi e lignina em detergente ácido-LDAi indigestíveis) e externos (óxido de cromo-Cr2O3, dióxido de titânio-TiO2 e lignina purificada e enriquecida de eucalipto-LIPE®) com valores obtidos pelo método de coleta total de fezes. Utilizaram-se 20 ovinos, machos, não castrados, com 29,64 ± 5,53 kg de peso vivo médio e aos 12 meses de idade, mantidos em gaiolas metabólicas e alimentados com rações compostas por feno de ponta de cana-de-açúcar não tratado ou hidrolisado com 3 e 6% de ureia ou 1,5 e 3% de óxido de cálcio (CaO). Houve correlação positiva (P<0,05) da produção fecal estimada pelos indicadores com a coleta total de fezes, com coeficientes maiores de 90% para MSi, Cr2O3 e TiO2. A digestibilidade da MS e de nutrientes estimada a partir do uso de indicadores correlacionou-se positivamente com a obtida pela coleta total de fezes. Maiores coeficientes de correlação foram obtidos para a digestibilidade por coleta total em relação ao Cr2O3, com valores aproximados aos obtidos para TiO2. Quanto aos indicadores internos MSi e FDNi, a digestibilidade da proteína e fração fibrosa apresentou coeficiente de correlação com a digestibilidade por coleta total superior a 70%. O indicador interno MSi e os externos Cr2O3 e TiO2 são eficazes na estimativa da produção fecal e digestibilidade da MS e nutrientes.
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect on intake, apparent digestibility, and ruminal constituents of sheep in response to the addition of increasing levels of babassu mesocarp flour (BMF) ...to the diet. Twenty crossbred sheep (29.17 + or - 2.23 kg) were used in a randomized complete block design. Lambs were confined for 21 days, with 16 days for diet adaptation and 5 days for data collection, in which they were fed an isonitrogenous diet (16.5 + or - 0.2 CP, DM basis) containing 70% of concentrate and 30% (DM basis) of Tifton 85 hay. Increasing levels of BMF were 0, 10, 20, and 30% (DM basis). There was a quadratic effect (P < 0.05) on the DM intake, nutrients intake, and digestibility of CP and NFC. The digestibility of DM, OM, TC, and NDF decreased linearly, while EE digestibility increased linearly with increasing levels of BMF. The high NDF content presented in the chemical composition of the babassu mesocarp flour ranked the same as fibrous food, which can limit the inclusion in the diet of high production animals. So, babassu mesocarp flour is an alternative for energy source in lambs feed and can be added at levels up to 10%.
Este estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar si la inoculación bacteriana mejora las características fermentativas, microbiológicas y químicas de los ensilados del pasto elefante cv. BRS Capiaçu en ...diferentes días de rebrote. El diseño experimental fue completamente al azar y se estableció en un arreglo factorial 3x2 (tres días de rebrote, con y sin inoculante), con cuatro repeticiones. Hubo una interacción significativa entre los días de rebrote y el inoculante sobre el pH, el nitrógeno amoniacal (N-NH3) y las pérdidas por efluentes (PE) de los ensilados. La inoculación disminuyó la PE con el avance de los días de rebrote y aumentó la tasa de recuperación de materia seca en comparación con los ensilados sin inoculante. La población de mohos y levaduras disminuyó cuando se adoptó la inoculación al forraje cosechado después de 85 d. Hubo una interacción significativa entre la materia seca (MS), la proteína cruda (PC) y la fibra detergente neutro corregida por los contenidos de cenizas y proteína (FDNcp) de los ensilados. La inoculación en el pasto cosechado después de 85 días aumentó el contenido de MS del ensilado. Los mayores contenidos de PC se observaron en los ensilados después de 85 días. Los contenidos de FDNcp de los pastos cosechados después de 110 y 135 días fueron mayores que el del pasto cosechado después de 85 días. El contenido de FDNcp de los ensilados sin inoculante aumentó con la edad de cosecha. El ensilado de forraje de BRS Capiaçu cosechado a los 110 días demostró un desempeño favorable para la producción de ensilado. Sin embargo, la influencia del uso de inoculantes fue baja para las características evaluadas.
This study aimed to evaluate whether bacterial inoculation improves the fermentative, microbiological, and chemical characteristics of silages of the elephant grass cv. BRS Capiaçu on different regrowth days. The experimental design was completely randomized and set up in a 3x2 factorial arrangement (three regrowth days, with and without inoculant), with four replications. There was a significant interaction between the regrowth days and inoculant on the pH, ammoniacal nitrogen (N-NH3), and effluent losses (EL) of the silages. Inoculation decreased the EL with the advance of regrowth days and increased the dry matter recovery index compared to the silages without inoculant. The population of molds and yeasts decreased when inoculation was adopted to the forage harvested after 85 d. There was a significant interaction between the dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP) and neutral detergent fiber corrected for ash and protein (NDFap) contents of the silages. Inoculation in the grass harvested after 85 d increased the DM contents of the silage. The highest CP contents were observed in the silages after 85 d. The NDFap contents of the grasses harvested after 110 and 135 d were higher than those of the grass harvested after 85 d. The NDFap contents of the silages without inoculant increased with the harvest age. The BRS Capiaçu forage silage harvested at 110 d demonstrated favorable performance for silage production. However, the influence of inoculant use was low for the characteristics evaluated.
Avaliou-se o desempenho produtivo de cabritos mestiços terminados em confinamento, alimentados com dietas contendo glicerina bruta (0, 4, 8 e 12% na MS). Vinte cabritos mestiços foram utilizados em ...blocos completos, casualizados com quatro tratamentos e cinco repetições, para determinação do ganho médio diário (GMD), consumo de matéria seca (CMS) e nutrientes (PB, FDN, EE) e comportamento ingestivo. Para o ensaio de digestibilidade, foram utilizados quatro caprinos alocados em delineamento em quadrado latino, para determinação da digestibilidade da MS e nutrientes (PB, FDN, EE). A adição de glicerina bruta não interferiu (P>0,05) no GMD e no CMS e demais nutrientes. O tempo de ingestão aumentou com o incremento de glicerina bruta nas dietas. Não houve diferença significativa (P>0,05) dos tratamentos sobre o tempo gasto na ruminação e digestibilidade da MS, PB e FDN, contudo, houve efeito quadrático para a digestibilidade do EE. Recomenda-se a inclusão em até 12% de glicerina bruta para cabritos em terminação, em situações de oscilação do preço do milho, sem alteração nos parâmetros produtivos avaliados
This study was conducted to evaluate the productive performance of crossbred goats finished in feedlots fed diets containing increasing levels of crude glycerin (0, 4, 8 and 12%, DM basis). Twenty crossbred goat kids were used in a randomized complete block design with 4 treatments and 5 replications to determine average daily gain (ADG), dry matter intake (DMI) and nutrients (CP, NDF, EE) and ingestive behavior. For digestibility trial, four castrated male goats were used in a Latin Square Design to determine the DM and nutrients digestibility. Crude glycerin did not affect (P>0.05) the ADG, DMI and nutrients intake. Eating time increased linearly (P<0.05) with crude glycerin addition. Rumination time and dry matter and nutrients digestibility were unaffected by crude glycerin addition. However was a quadratic effect (P<0.05) to EE digestibility. It is recommended adding up to 12% crude glycerin to finishing kids, in situations of high price of corn, without changes in production parameters evaluated
This study was conducted to evaluate the productive performance of crossbred goats finished in feedlots fed diets containing increasing levels of crude glycerin (0, 4, 8 and 12%, DM basis). Twenty ...crossbred goat kids were used in a randomized complete block design with 4 treatments and 5 replications to determine average daily gain (ADG), dry matter intake (DMI) and nutrients (CP, NDF, EE) and ingestive behavior. For digestibility trial, four castrated male goats were used in a Latin Square Design to determine the DM and nutrients digestibility. Crude glycerin did not affect (P>0.05) the ADG, DMI and nutrients intake. Eating time increased linearly (P<0.05) with crude glycerin addition. Rumination time and dry matter and nutrients digestibility were unaffected by crude glycerin addition. However was a quadratic effect (P<0.05) to EE digestibility. It is recommended adding up to 12% crude glycerin to finishing kids, in situations of high price of corn, without changes in production parameters evaluated. Key words: feedlot, glycerol, intake, performance. Avaliou-se o desempenho produtivo de cabritos mesticos terminados em confinamento, alimentados com dietas contendo glicerina bruta (0, 4, 8 e 12% na MS). Vinte cabritos mesticos foram utilizados em blocos completos, casualizados com quatro tratamentos e cinco repeticoes, para determinacao do ganho medio diario (GMD), consumo de materia seca (CMS) e nutrientes (PB, FDN, EE) e comportamento ingestivo. Para o ensaio de digestibilidade, foram utilizados quatro caprinos alocados em delineamento em quadrado latino, para determinacao da digestibilidade da MS e nutrientes (PB, FDN, EE). A adicao de glicerina bruta nao interferiu (P>0,05) no GMD e no CMS e demais nutrientes. O tempo de ingestao aumentou com o incremento de glicerina bruta nas dietas. Nao houve diferenca significativa (P>0,05) dos tratamentos sobre o tempo gasto na ruminacao e digestibilidade da MS, PB e FDN, contudo, houve efeito quadratico para a digestibilidade do EE. Recomendase a inclusao em ate 12% de glicerina bruta para cabritos em terminacao, em situacoes de oscilacao do preco do milho, sem alteracao nos parametros produtivos avaliados. Palavras-chave: confinamento, consumo, desempenho, glicerol.
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