Background and Aim: As deaf children grow up, they face difficulties that can affect their physical, emotional, motor, and cognitive development. This study reviews the recent studies conducted on ...motor development of deaf children based on Gallahue's model. Recent Findings: Few studies have been conducted on deaf children's motor development stages; reflexive, rhythmic, rudimentary, and specialized movement. However, many studies investigated the fundamental movement stage with an emphasis on balance. They mostly reported the deaf children’s delay in developing gait velocity (during walking), postural control, static balance, dynamic balance, spatial-temporal coordination, gross motor skills, fine motor skills, and motor skills learning, compared with their healthy peers. Conclusion: Delay in motor development in deaf children is not necessarily the result of deafness or vestibular problems, but individual, environmental, and exercise factors are also involved. Providing appropriate educational opportunities for these children, training specialized teachers and parents, and holding training courses for hearing specialists can help promote motor development in these children.
Background and Aim: Motor development is a continuous process throughout life. Hearing impairment in childhood may have significant effects on motor development. This study compared the motor ...development of normal-hearing and hearing-impaired children at early developmental ages. Methods: This research was a cross-sectional study. A total of 149 children aged six to eighteen months were selected and divided into three groups: normal-hearing children (NHC) (55 girls and 65 boys) selected by convenient sampling strategy, non-rehabilitated hearing impaired children group (NRHIC) (11 girls and 13 boys) selected by purposive method, and rehabilitated hearingimpaired children group (RHIC) (3 girls and 2 boys) selected by the census method. The Denver developmental screening test 2 (DDST-ll) was used to assess motor development. The obtained data were analyzed by Kruskal-Wallis, Mann-Whitney U tests, and curve drawing. Results: The fine motor development of the NHC (9.63±28.83) was significantly greater than the RHIC (-18 ±26.83) and NRHIC (–21.25±30.26) groups, but there was no significant difference between the RHIC and NRHIC groups. In gross motor development, the NRHIC (–32.71±41.26) group had a more significant delay compared to the NHC (13.38±37.73) and RHIC (0±21.21) groups, but there was no significant difference between the NHC and RHIC groups. Conclusion: Hearing rehabilitation can partially compensate for the developmental delay in gross skills, but this compensation has not occurred for fine motor skills. The development of fine motor skills requires a precise synergy of small muscles and the nervous system.
Hearing loss is a rarely reported complication of spinal anesthesia. The purpose of this study is to assess the effects of 0.5% Maracine (bupivacaine) on hearing threshold and auditory reaction time ...before and after spinal anesthesia among patients undergoing elective surgery.
This is a descriptive cross-sectional study performed on 60 patients undergoing elective surgery with ASA Class II and II anesthesia (0.5% bupivacaine) at Khorramabad Nursing Home. After obtaining consent from the patients, audiometry and tympanometry tests were performed using AZ80 and Madsen otoflex tympanometer and related findings including the presence or absence of hearing loss at various frequencies, before and after the surgery, were noted in a form for each patients along with their demographic data. SPSS 21 was used for statistical analysis and the data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and chi-square inferential tests.
At low frequencies of 250 and 500 Hz, no significant difference in pre- and postoperative hearing threshold in the right ear (P > 0.05) was seen, but at frequencies above 500 Hz, the hearing threshold was significantly decreased after surgery, (P < 0.05). In the left ear at 250, 1000, 3000, and 8000 Hz, there was no significant difference (P > 0.05) between pre- and postoperative hearing threshold. The results of this study showed that the preoperative hearing threshold for men and women did not differ and the auditory threshold and auditory response time after surgery did not differ between the two sexes (P > 0.05). Similarly, the difference was not correlated with the age and the levels of anesthesia (P > 0.05). The results also showed that changes in mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) and heart rate above 30% of baseline were also not correlated with hearing loss (P > 0.05).
The results showed that at certain frequencies, hearing loss was observed in both ears after spinal anesthesia with 5% Marcaine, but this hearing loss was not related to age, sex, and spinal anesthesia level. The results also showed that changes in mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) and heart rate above 30% of baseline did not correlate with hearing loss.
•Hearing loss is a rarely reported complication of spinal anesthesia.•Hearing loss in both ears is observed after spinal anesthesia with 5% Marcaine.•Changes in MAP and heart rate greater than 30% of baseline is not associated with the hearing loss.
Pseudotrachydium kotschyi
is a native medicinal plant used as a local medicine from Lorestan province of western Iran having numerous biological properties. After GC−MS analysis of
Pseudotrachydium ...kotschyi
essential oils (PKEOs), some biological activities were investigated. Additionally, TNF-α and TGF-β1 were studied in
Leishmania
-infected macrophages (in vitro) and Carrageenan-induced paw edema in rats. Finally, anti-inflammatory and wound-healing potential of PKEOs were investigated in vivo in mice. Total components identified by GC−MS contained 53 molecules, among which Z-α-trans-Bergamotol (23.25%), Durylaldehyde (16.07%), and α-Bergamotene (10.48%) existed in the highest amount in PKEOs. Antimicrobial assay of PKEOs showed maximum growth inhibition against
Listeria monocytogenes
and
Kluyveromyces marxianus
at the dose of 625 μg/ml. PKEOs exhibited a high cytotoxicity on lung cancer cell line A549 at a dose of 4 mg/ml. Anti-
Leishmania
activity of PKEOs showed concentration of 5000 µg/ml that had similar potency of glucantime at 125 µg/ml. The highest anti-inflammatory effect of PKEOs for Carrageenan-induced paw edema was observed at 100 concentrations, with paw inflammation reduced by 83.70% after using PKEO ointment. The present study reports broad-spectrum biological functions for essential oil from
P. kotschyi
. However, these biological activities, including anti-proliferative, anti-
Leishmania
, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial and wound-healing potential, were not studied in detail. Therefore, it may be attractive for investigating the detailed mechanistic and molecular aspects of biological activities of PKEOs. Considering that the present study is the first to report the biological activity of
P. kotschyi
, further studies on their metabolites are needed to replicate the present findings.
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