As the world's largest coal producer, China was accounted for about 46% of global coal production. Among present coal mining risks, methane gas (called gas in this paper) explosion or ignition in an ...underground mine remains ever-present. Although many techniques have been used, gas accidents associated with the complex elements of underground gassy mines need more robust monitoring or warning systems to identify risks. This paper aimed to determine which single method between the PCA and Entropy methods better establishes a responsive weighted indexing measurement to improve coal mining safety.
Qualitative and quantitative mixed research methodologies were adopted for this research, including analysis of two case studies, correlation analysis, and comparative analysis. The literature reviewed the most-used multi-criteria decision making (MCDM) methods, including subjective methods and objective methods. The advantages and disadvantages of each MCDM method were briefly discussed. One more round literature review was conducted to search publications between 2017 and 2019 in CNKI. Followed two case studies, correlation analysis and comparative analysis were then conducted. Research ethics was approved by the Shanxi Coking Coal Group Research Committee.
The literature searched a total of 25,831publications and found that the PCA method was the predominant method adopted, and the Entropy method was the second most widely adopted method. Two weighting methods were compared using two case studies. For the comparative analysis of Case Study 1, the PCA method appeared to be more responsive than the Entropy. For Case Study 2, the Entropy method is more responsive than the PCA. As a result, both methods were adopted for different cases in the case study mine and finally deployed for user acceptance testing on 5 November 2020.
The findings and suggestions were provided as further scopes for further research. This research indicated that no single method could be adopted as the better option for establishing indexing measurement in all cases. The practical implication suggests that comparative analysis should always be conducted on each case and determine the appropriate weighting method to the relevant case. This research recommended that the PCA method was a dimension reduction technique that could be handy for identifying the critical variables or factors and effectively used in hazard, risk, and emergency assessment. The PCA method might also be well-applied for developing predicting and forecasting systems as it was sensitive to outliers. The Entropy method might be suitable for all the cases requiring the MCDM. There is also a need to conduct further research to probe the causal reasons why the PCA and Entropy methods were applied to each case and not the other way round. This research found that the Entropy method provides higher accuracy than the PCA method. This research also found that the Entropy method demonstrated to assess the weights of the higher dimension dataset was higher sensitivity than the lower dimensions. Finally, the comprehensive analysis indicates a need to explore a more responsive method for establishing a weighted indexing measurement for warning applications in hazard, risk, and emergency assessments.
Fish are a critical component of marine biology; therefore, the accurate identification and counting of fish are essential for the objective monitoring and assessment of marine biological resources. ...High‐frequency adaptive resolution imaging sonar (ARIS) is widely used for underwater object detection and imaging, and it quickly obtains close‐up video of free‐swimming fish in high‐turbidity water environments. Nonetheless, processing the massive data output using imaging sonars remains a major challenge. Here, the authors developed an automatic image‐processing programme that fuses K‐nearest neighbour background subtraction with DeepSort target tracking to automatically track and count fish. The automatic programme was evaluated using four test data sets with different target sizes and observation ranges and differently deployed sonars. According to the results, the approach successfully counted free‐swimming fish targets with an accuracy index of 73% and a completeness index of 70%. Under appropriate conditions, this approach could replace time‐consuming semi‐automatic approaches and improve the efficiency of imaging sonar data processing, while providing technical support for future real‐time data processing.
摘要
鱼类作为海洋生物的关键组成部分，其鱼类目标的准确识别与计数对海洋生物资源的客观监测和评估至关重要。高频自适应分辨率成像声呐广泛地应用于水下目标成像和检测，在高浑浊水环境中能迅速获得自由游动鱼类的近距离视频。然而，大量成像声呐数据处理输出仍是一个主要挑战。本文优化了K‐近邻背景差分与DeepSort目标追踪算法实现了鱼类目标的自动追踪与计数。该程序采用不同目标尺寸、观测场景和声呐部署的三个数据集进行评估。结果表明，该方法成功地对自由游动的鱼类目标进行了计数，准确率为73%，完整性指数为70%。在适当的条件下，该方法可以代替耗时的成像声呐数据半自动处理方法，提高成像声呐数据处理效率，同时为未来的实时声呐数据处理提供技术支持。
In recent years, immune checkpoint inhibitor has achieved remarkable success in multiple cancer treatment. However, how to pre‐judge which patients are suitable for immune checkpoint inhibitor is a ...difficult problem. We use the existing public bioinformatics database to comprehensively analyze the relationship between clinical data of various cancers with immune checkpoint blocking molecules and long non‐coding RNAs (lncRNAs), and try to find the potential predictive value of lncRNA for immunotherapy with checkpoint inhibitors. In this study, we found that: (a) high expression of lncRNA MIR155 host gene (MIR155HG) was closely related to better overall survival (OS) in cholangiocarcinoma (CHOL), lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD), and skin cutaneous melanoma (SKCM), and have better disease‐free survival (DFS) in CHOL. Meanwhile, the high level of MIR155HG was associated with poorer OS in glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), kidney renal clear cell carcinoma (KIRC), brain lower grade glioma (LGG), and uveal melanoma (UVM). (b) The expression of MIR155HG was significantly correlated with infiltrating levels of immune cells and immune molecules, especially with immune checkpoint molecules such as programmed cell death protein 1 (PD‐1), PD‐1 ligand 1 (PD‐L1), and cytotoxic T lymphocyte‐associated antigen 4 (CTLA4) in most kinds of cancers. (c) Detection of clinical CHOL and liver hepatocellular carcinoma tissues confirmed that there was a strong positive correlation between MIR155HG expression and the levels of CTLA4 and PD‐L1. MIR155 host gene can be used as a prognostic marker in multiple cancers, and of great value in predicting the curative effect of immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy owing to it is closely related with immune cells infiltration and immune checkpoint molecules expression.
Long non‐coding RNA MIR155 host gene (MIR155HG) was closely related to overall survival in cholangiocarcinoma, lung adenocarcinoma, skin cutaneous melanoma, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, glioblastoma multiforme, kidney renal clear cell carcinoma, brain lower grade glioma, and uveal melanoma. The expression of MIR155HG was significantly correlated with infiltrating levels of immune cells, molecules, and immune checkpoint molecules.
Long records of paleoearthquakes are essential for understanding earthquake recurrence behavior of active faults and for evaluating regional seismic hazard. However, paleoseismic data on the Altyn ...Tagh fault (ATF), one of the longest strike-slip fault in Asia, are scarce. We document a long paleoseismic record along the Xorkoli section of the central ATF. Eight and probably nine earthquakes are identified based on event evidence in the form of open fissures, folds, unconformities, and upward fault terminations, with modeled mean (95% confidence) ages of A.D. 1598 (1491–1741) yr (event A), A.D. 797 (676–926) yr (B), B.C. 668 (732–589) yr (C), B.C. 956 (1206–715) yr (D), B.C. 1301 (1369–1235) yr (E), B.C. 2105 (2233–1987) yr (F, probable), B.C. 2663 (2731–2601) yr (G), B.C. 2818 (2878–2742) yr (H), B.C. 3396 (3522–3205) yr (I). The mean recurrence interval is 620 ± 410 yr with a coefficient of variation (COV) of 0.67, indicating that earthquake recurrence is weakly periodic, with individual intervals ranging from as short as 150 yr to as long as 1460 yr. A global compilation of 35 strike-slip paleoseismic sites yields a similar average COV of 0.69. Synthesis of paleoseismic sites from the central ATF indicates that not all earthquakes ruptured to the eastern end of the Xorkoli section, within the Aksay restraining bend. Given that the 420-yr elapsed time since the most recent event, well within a COV of mean interval, a large surface-rupturing earthquake could occur at any time along the central ATF.
•Eight to nine events occurred along the Xorkoli section during the last 6000 yr.•Earthquakes have variable rupture extent, based on comparison with nearby sites.•Strike-slip faults with higher slip rates have lower COVs of earthquake recurrence.
The cycling of oceanic dissolved organic carbon (DOC) is a crucial component of the global carbon cycle, yet the identification of sources and the mechanisms of its molecular transformation remain ...poorly understood. This study compared the isotopic and molecular composition of DOC between the oligotrophic South China Sea (SCS) and the adjacent North Pacific Ocean (NPO), and traced both its allochthonous and autochthonous sources as well as its dynamic cycling processes. DOC was collected through solid-phase extraction (SPE) from water samples of both the SCS and NPO. Carbon content, isotopic ratios, and high-resolution Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR-MS) measurements revealed that SPE-DOC contained both labile and refractory fractions. According to our mass balance model, the labile fraction of SPE-DOC exhibited a decline from 11.5 to 12.6 μM in surface waters to a negligible concentration below 1000 m. Conversely, the refractory fraction of SPE-RDOC maintained a relatively consistent value, ranging from 12.7 to 19.0 μM across the entire water column. The vertical distribution patterns of the molecular composition and carbon isotopic ratios jointly indicated that the DOC distributions are shaped by distinct biological and physical processes within different biogeochemical realms of the water column. The production and transformation of the relatively labile DOC fractions were the dominant processes in the epipelagic and mesopelagic zones (upper 1000 m). The extent of diapycnal mixing between the SCS and NPO explained the different vertical distributions of refractory DOC molecules in the bathypelagic oceans. The molecular indices of polyphenol compounds, aromaticity, double bond saturation state, terrestrial mass peaks, and δ13C ratios of SPE-DOC indicated contributions from terrestrial sources, likely riverine input, in the SCS. This study sheds light on the molecular evidence of DOC sources, as well as their transformation and conservative mixing processes along the overturning circulation in marginal seas.
•DOC degradation and transformation, including carboxylation and cyclization, occur in the epipelagic and mesopelagic zone.•Diapycnal mixing regulates the distribution of refractory DOC compounds in the bathypelagic ocean.•More terrestrial-derived DOC molecules were revealed in the South China Sea than the North Pacific Ocean.
•A novel multi-loss-based deep adversarial network for semi-supervised image semantic segmentation.•The new network outperforms state-of-the-arts in handling challenging image semantic segmentation ...cases.•The new network is more robust in training and puts more emphasis on geometric information of images.
Image semantic segmentation is popular in computer vision and pattern recognition, since the high-level semantic understanding of images can be effectively realized. Based on whether and to what extent the training data should be labeled, most image semantic segmentation methods can be categorized into fully-supervised learning-based methods, weakly-supervised learning-based methods, and semi-supervised learning-based methods. Among them, semi-supervised image semantic segmentation receives increasing popularity recently, because of its flexibility and convenience in requiring partial training data to be labeled. Although semi-supervised image semantic segmentation is promising, its state-of-the-arts haven’t obtained satisfactory performance when handling challenging cases, including poor illumination, small-sized targets, multi-targets with the same semantics, etc. To tackle the above dilemmas, a novel multi-loss-based deep adversarial network is proposed in this paper. Technically, the more robust WGAN-GP model is utilized as the backbone of the novel network, instead of the conventional GAN model. Moreover, multiple losses including the cross entropy loss, the edge detection loss, the adversarial loss, and the semi-supervised loss, are all incorporated during the novel network’s training. Experimental analyses based on challenging cases shortlisted from the Pascal VOC 2012 dataset and the Cityscapes dataset suggest that, the novel network is capable to outperform state-of-the-arts in semi-supervised image semantic segmentation.
Background2,5-dimethylcelecoxib (DMC) is a targeted inhibitor of microsomal prostaglandin E synthase-1 (mPGES-1), a key enzyme in the PGE2 synthesis pathway of inflammatory mediators. Previous ...studies have confirmed that DMC can inhibit the growth of hepatitis B virus (HBV)-related hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, it is not known whether DMC is involved in the changes of tumor immune microenvironment.MethodsIn this study, we explored the effects of DMC on HBV-related HCC immune microenvironment, and deeply analyzed its unique effect and mechanism on programmed death receptor 1 (PD-1)/and its ligand 1 (PD-L1) pathway.ResultsClinical hepatoma tissues detection showed that compared with non-virus-related HCC, the level of CD8 of HBV-related HCC was significantly lower, while the levels of PD-L1 and CD163 were higher. In vivo experiments indicated that DMC could increase the level of tumor infiltrating CD8+ T cells in hepatitis B virus X (HBx) (+) hepatoma cells implanted mouse models, and inhibit the expression of PD-L1 and CD163 in tumor tissues. DMC combined with atezolizumab had more significant antitumor effect and stronger blocking effect on PD-1/PD-L1 pathway. Mechanism studies have shown that DMC can promote ubiquitin degradation of HBx-induced PD-L1 protein in HCC cells by activating adenosine 5′-monophosphate-activated protein kinase pathway. Further experiments confirmed that this process was mainly mediated by E3 ligase RBX1.ConclusionsOur results uncover a role for DMC in promoting HBV-related HCC immune microenvironment, which not only enrich the relationship between inflammatory factors (mPGES-1/PGE2 pathway) and immunosuppression (PD-L1), but also provide an important strategic reference for multitarget or combined immunotherapy of HBV-related HCC.
Storage roots are the main sink for photo-assimilate accumulation and reflect cassava yield and productivity. Regulation of sugar partitioning from leaves to storage roots has not been elucidated. ...Cell wall invertases are involved in the hydrolysis of sugar during phloem unloading of vascular plants to control plant development and sink strength but have rarely been studied in root crops like cassava.
encodes a typical cell wall invertase in cassava and is mainly expressed in vascular bundles. The gene is highly expressed in leaves, especially mature leaves, in response to diurnal rhythm. When
was overexpressed in cassava, sugar export from leaves to storage roots was largely inhibited and sucrose hydrolysis in leaves was accelerated, leading to increased transient starch accumulation by blocking starch degradation and reduced overall plant growth. The progress of leaf senescence was promoted in the
over-expressed cassava plants with increased expression of senescence-related genes. Storage root development was also delayed because of dramatically reduced sugar allocation from leaves. As a result, the transcriptional expression of starch biosynthetic genes such as
,
, and
was reduced in accordance with insufficient sugar supply in the storage roots of the transgenic plants. These results show that MeCWINV3 regulates sugar allocation from source to sink and maintains sugar balance in cassava, thus affecting yield of cassava storage roots.
•An optically geometrical superposition of light deflections is firstly developed.•The stress field near crack tip subjected to blasting waves is obtained.•Simulations of distorted caustics are ...verified by experiments.•Caustics method is extended to the application of unknown transient effects by blasting waves.
The purpose of this work is to investigate the mechanism of crack-wave interaction in blasting engineering. Transient effects of blasting waves on a running crack are evaluated by estimating crack-tip stress field from measurements of distorted shadow spots by caustics method. An optically geometrical superposition of light deflections from the running crack and blasting waves is proposed, considering concave and convex lens effects of waviness of initially flat plane under blasting waves. The stress field near the running crack tip in crack-wave interaction is obtained. Simulations of caustic curves derived from this superposition agree with those from instant records by a high-speed camera, highlighting that this superposition is a powerful way to evaluate the stress field near the crack tip and to extend classical caustics method to the application of unknown transient loadings by blasting waves. At last, similar photoelasticity experiments are made and results from two optical methods are discussed.
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