Artificial spin-ice systems are lithographically patterned arrangements of interacting magnetic nanostructures that were introduced as way of investigating the effects of geometric frustration in a ...controlled manner. This approach has enabled unconventional states of matter to be visualized directly in real space, and has triggered research at the frontier between nanomagnetism, statistical thermodynamics and condensed matter physics. Despite efforts to create an artificial realization of the square-ice model-a two-dimensional geometrically frustrated spin-ice system defined on a square lattice-no simple geometry based on arrays of nanomagnets has successfully captured the macroscopically degenerate ground-state manifold of the model. Instead, square lattices of nanomagnets are characterized by a magnetically ordered ground state that consists of local loop configurations with alternating chirality. Here we show that all of the characteristics of the square-ice model are observed in an artificial square-ice system that consists of two sublattices of nanomagnets that are vertically separated by a small distance. The spin configurations we image after demagnetizing our arrays reveal unambiguous signatures of a Coulomb phase and algebraic spin-spin correlations, which are characterized by the presence of 'pinch' points in the associated magnetic structure factor. Local excitations-the classical analogues of magnetic monopoles-are free to evolve in an extensively degenerate, divergence-free vacuum. We thus provide a protocol that could be used to investigate collective magnetic phenomena, including Coulomb phases and the physics of ice-like materials.
We investigate numerically the low-energy properties of an artificial square spin system in which the nanomagnets are physically connected at the lattice vertex sites. Micromagnetic simulations ...performed on a single square vertex reveal that type-II vertices always have the lowest energy, in sharp contrast with what is found in lattices made of disconnected nanomagnets, for which type-I vertices are the ground-state configuration. The micromagnetic simulations also show that the energy stored at the vertex sites strongly depends on the type of magnetic domain wall formed by the four connected nanomagnets. Interestingly, the energy gap between type-I and type-II vertices can be drastically reduced by varying the geometrical parameters of the nanomagnets, such as their width and thickness. For typical widths and thicknesses achievable experimentally, we find that this energy gap is small enough to consider type-I and type-II vertices as quasidegenerate. Based on the vertex energies provided by the micromagnetic simulations, we compute the thermodynamic properties of the corresponding spin model using Monte Carlo simulations. In some cases, these properties are hardly distinguishable from those of the celebrated square ice model. Our findings then suggest that an ice physics, characterized by a massively degenerate ground-state manifold at low temperature, may be observed experimentally in a simple square lattice of connected magnetic elements. This work thus provides a route to fabricate artificial algebraic spin liquids using a purely two-dimensional geometry.
Optimal Charging of Nonlinear Capacitors Perrin, Yann; Galisultanov, Ayrat; Fanet, Herve ...
IEEE transactions on power electronics,
06/2019, Volume:
34, Issue:
6
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Constant-current charging is the optimal solution for charging linear (fixed) capacitors. In this letter, we extend this principle to nonlinear capacitors using a variational method. We address the ...case where the capacitance depends only on the applied voltage. We show that a nonlinear capacitor stores energy electrostatically and by another mean, depending on the phenomena behind the variation of the capacitance. We compute the optimal charging voltage curves for a linearly increasing or decreasing capacitance with the bias voltage. We highlight that the efficiency of the charging is improved if the capacitance increases with the applied voltage, and vice versa. We finally apply our results to two types of nonlinear capacitors that are widely used in power electronics: Supercapacitors and class II ceramic capacitors. We demonstrate that the charging efficiency is higher for supercapacitors than for ceramic capacitors.
We propose implementation of a 1-bit full adder following Capacitive Adiabatic Logic (CAL) paradigm. Combinational logic functions including AND, OR, and XOR gates are realized by five-terminal ...comb-drive MEMS elements. By implementing the first logical operation in CAL, we demonstrate the ability of MEMS device to be cascadable. By MEMS compact modeling, we can evaluate the energy dissipation and speed of adding operation. In the presented full adder, 99.6% of the energy transferred to the device is recovered for later use when it operates on 2 kOPS.
Les réseaux de nanoaimants à frustration géométrique font l'objet d'investigations depuis maintenant une décennie. Ils permettent de réaliser expérimentalement des modèles de spins théoriques qui ...n'ont parfois pas d'équivalent naturel. Ces réseaux présentent, entre autres, l'intérêt d'offrir un accès direct aux configurations locales de spin. Le travail présenté dans ce manuscrit vise à réaliser expérimentalement le modèle dit de "glace carrée" dans un réseau nanoaimants. Ce modèle hautement frustré présente un état fondamental massivement dégénéré, à l'origine de son entropie résiduelle à basse température. Dans ce travail, nous allons présenter deux approches permettant de réaliser le modèle de glace carrée.La première consiste à introduire dans le réseau carré conventionnel des nanoaimants supplémentaires. Sous certaines conditions, ceux-ci agissent en modifiant les couplages effectifs entre les aimants du réseau principal. Pour cela, les aimants additionnels doivent se comporter passivement vis à vis du réseau principal. Dans une étude théorique, nous montrerons que l'analyse du hamiltonien dans l'espace réciproque échoue à saisir les propriétés essentielles de ce nouveau modèle. C'est en calculant l'énergie de configurations aléatoires de spins que nous prouverons que notre système présente les caractéristiques recherchées. Nous porterons une attention particulière à l'effet de la portée et de la nature des interactions entre aimants. Grâce à des simulations micromagnétiques par différences finies, nous déterminerons les géométries pertinentes à employer pour une réalisation expérimentale. Grâce aux outils de microfabrication disponibles au laboratoire, nous avons pu fabriquer de tels réseaux. Les aimants sont constitués de permalloy mince, ce qui leur permet d'atteindre un régime superparamagnétique lors d'un recuit thermique. Nous avons observé que les aimants additionnels influencent comme prévu la physique du réseau carré. Un biais expérimental a cependant engendré une aimantation rémanente élevée dans certains réseaux. Cet effet a malheureusement masqué les corrélations caractéristiques attendues dans le modèle de glace carrée. Mais ces travaux ont permis de mettre en évidence un effet inattendu des aimants additionnels. Ceux-ci semblent stimuler les fluctuations thermiques dans les réseaux qui en sont pourvus.La seconde approche consiste à surélever les aimants orientés dans l'une des deux directions du réseau carré. Nous emploierons une méthodologie similaire à celle décrite précédemment pour l'étude de ce nouveau système. Théoriquement, le contrôle de la surélévation permet d'explorer trois modèles de spins différents, dont le modèle de glace carrée. Nous avons fabriqué des réseaux avec plusieurs surélévations, estimées au moyen de simulations micromagnétiques. Pour des raisons techniques, nous avons cette fois travaillé avec des nanoaimants de permalloy épais. Ils présentent la caractéristique d'être athermiques. Les fluctuations sont alors introduites grâce à un champ magnétique tournant et décroissant. Nous montrerons par des simulations que cette dynamique particulière stimule l'apparition de corrélations ferromagnétiques. La désaimantation réduit alors les surélévations nécessaires à la réalisation du modèle de glace carrée. Nous avons observé expérimentalement que l'effet de la surélévation est parfaitement cohérent avec nos prévisions. Les facteurs de structure que nous avons obtenus prouvent que nous avons réussi à réaliser le modèle de glace avec des nanoaimants. Cette approche nous a permis d'observer pour la première fois une phase de Coulomb dans l'espace direct. Ce travail ouvre des perspectives intéressantes pour l'étude des excitations existant dans cette phase, analogues à des monopoles magnétiques classiques.
Since a decade, a big interest has grown about geometrically frustrated nanomagnets arrays. They allow experimental realisation of theoretical spin models, that sometimes have no natural counterpart. In addition to their high flexibility, these networks provide a direct access to local spin configurations. The work presented in this manuscript aims to realise experimentally the so-called "square ice" model, using nanomagnets array. This highly frustrated model has already been theoretically studied. It is found to have a massively degenerated ground state, associated to a residual entropy at low temperature. In this thesis, we present two approaches that should achieve the square ice model.The first one consists to introduce additional magnets in the conventional square nanomagnets array. They can act through an effective coupling between the magnets of the initial network. The condition required is that additional magnets should behave passively against main magnets. We will show in a theoretical study that a reciprocal space analysis of the Hamiltonian fails to grasp the essential properties of the new model. By computing the energy of a number of random spins configurations, we will show that the square ice model can be achieved. A special attention will be paid to the influence of the range and the nature of magnets interactions. Using finite-difference micromagnetic simulations, we will determine the geometries adapted to an experimental realisation. We were able to make such networks using the microfabrication tools available in the laboratory. Our magnets are made of thin permalloy films. This allows the magnets to reach a superparamagnetic regime during a thermal annealing. We observed that additional magnets have the expected influence on square nanomagnets arrays. However, an experimental bias caused a high residual magnetisation in some networks. This effect has unfortunately hided the correlations expected in the square ice model. But this work shown an unexpected effect. Additional magnets appear to enhance thermal fluctuations in the networks.The second approach is to raise the magnets oriented in one of the two directions of the square lattice. For the study of this new system, a methodology similar to that described above will be used. Theoretically, the control of the elevation can explore three different spins models, including the square ice model. We made arrays for different elevations, estimated by micromagnetic calculations. For technical reasons, we worked with thick permalloy nanomagnets. Their thickness makes them insensitive to thermal fluctuations. Fluctuations are then introduced using a decreasing rotating magnetic field. Our simulations show that this particular dynamic stimulates emergence of ferromagnetic correlations. The field demagnetisation then reduce the elevations required for achieving the square ice model. We have experimentally observed that the elevation has an effect perfectly consistent with our previsions. Experimental structure factors show that we succeed to achieve the square ice model with nanomagnets. This approach allowed us to observe, for the first time, a Coulomb phase in the real space. This work opens interesting perspectives for studying the excitations of this phase. It has previously been shown that they are similar to classical magnetic monopoles.
We investigate numerically the micromagnetic properties and the low-energy physics of an artificial square spin system in which the nanomagnets are physically connected at the lattice vertices. ...Micromagnetic simulations reveal that the energy stored at the vertex sites strongly depends on the type of magnetic domain wall formed by the four connected nanomagnets. As a consequence, the energy gap between the vertex types can be partially modified by varying the geometrical parameters of the nanomagnets, such as their width and thickness. Based on the energy levels given by the micromagnetic simulations, we compute the thermodynamic properties of the corresponding spin models using Monte Carlo simulations. We found two regimes, both being characterized by an extensive ground state manifold, in sharp contrast with similar lattices with disconnected nanomagnets. For narrow and thin nanomagnets, low-energy spin configurations consist of independent ferromagnetic straight lines crossing the whole lattice. The ground state manifold is thus highly degenerate, although this degeneracy is subdominant. In the limit of thick and wide nanomagnets, our findings suggest that the celebrated square ice model may be fabricated experimentally from a simple square lattice of connected elements. These results show that the micromagnetic nature of artificial spin systems involves another degree of freedom that can be finely tuned to explore strongly correlated disordered magnetic states of matter.
Artificial spin ice systems have been introduced as a possible mean to investigate frustration effects in a well-controlled manner by fabricating lithographically-patterned two-dimensional ...arrangements of interacting magnetic nanostructures. This approach offers the opportunity to visualize unconventional states of matter, directly in real space, and triggered a wealth of studies at the frontier between nanomagnetism, statistical thermodynamics and condensed matter physics. Despite the strong efforts made these last ten years to provide an artificial realization of the celebrated square ice model, no simple geometry based on arrays of nanomagnets succeeded to capture the macroscopically degenerate ground state manifold of the corresponding model. Instead, in all works reported so far, square lattices of nanomagnets are characterized by a magnetically ordered ground state consisting of local flux-closure configurations with alternating chirality. Here, we show experimentally and theoretically, that all the characteristics of the square ice model can be observed if the artificial square lattice is properly designed. The spin configurations we image after demagnetizing our arrays reveal unambiguous signatures of an algebraic spin liquid state characterized by the presence of pinch points in the associated magnetic structure factor. Local excitations, i.e. classical analogues of magnetic monopoles, are found to be free to evolve in a massively degenerated, divergence-free vacuum. We thus provide the first lab-on-chip platform allowing the investigation of collective phenomena, including Coulomb phases and ice-like physics.
PDF
