Predmet istraživanja bili su stavovi i predrasude Romkinja o nasilju nad ženama u romskoj obitelji. Provedeno je jednokratno istraživanje tipa tzv. nacrta »poprečnog presjeka« u jednoj vremenskoj ...točki (proljeće 2020.) metodom anketiranja, a na proporcionalnom, stratificiranom uzorku od 350 Romkinja iz 12 romskih naselja Međimurske županije. Romska kućanstva odabrana su metodom »nasumičnog hoda«, a ispitanice metodom »prvog rođendana«. Istraživanje je pokazalo visoku razinu prihvaćenosti predrasuda o nasilju nad ženom u obitelji, uključujući prihvaćenost stavova o pravu muškarca na primjenu nasilja nad ženom pod brojnim okolnostima, nadalje visoku razinu prihvaćenosti predrasuda o krivnji žene kao žrtve za doživljeno nasilje, zatim predrasudu o minorizaciji značenja nasilja i relativizaciji odgovornosti nasilnika za učinjeno nasilje, te prihvaćenost predrasuda o načinu prevencije nasilja, a sve navedeno izraženo kroz ukupnu zabilježenu prosječnu vrijednost razine prihvaćanja prema svih 40 postavljenih tvrdnji na skali od 1 do 5. Istraživanjem je potvrđena signifikantna pozitivna povezanost prihvaćanja predrasuda sa svim promatranim socio-demografskim čimbenicima tako da su prihvaćanju takvih stavova značajno sklonije bile mlađe Romkinje, one koje su sklopile tradicionalni romski brak u mlađoj dobi prije punoljetnosti, one s vrlo niskom razinom obrazovanja, bez završene osnovne škole, nezaposlene i koje su prvo dijete rodile prije 16. godine, kao i one koje imaju više od četvero djece na skrbi.
The subject of the research is the attitudes and prejudices of Roma women about violence against women in the Roma family. The research was a cross-sectional study at a single point in time (spring 2020) using a survey method, conducted on a proportional, stratified sample of 350 Roma women from 12 Roma settlements in Međimurje County. The research was carried out as a one-time survey according to the so-called drawing a »cross-section at one point in time« (spring 2020) using the survey method, and on a proportional, stratified sample of 350 Roma women from 12 Roma settlements in Međimurje County. Roma households were selected using the »random walk method« and the interviewee was selected using the »first birthday method«. The research showed a high level of acceptance of prejudices about violence against women in the family, including the acceptance of attitudes about a man’s right to use violence against a woman under numerous circumstances, further about the woman’s guilt as a victim for the violence experienced, then about the minimization of the meaning of violence and the relativization of the abuser’s responsibility for what has been done violence, and the acceptance of prejudices about the way to prevent violence, and all of the above expressed through the total recorded average value of the level of acceptance according to all 40 stated statements on a scale from 1 to 5. The research also confirmed a significant positive association of acceptance of prejudice with all observed socio-demographic factors, so that younger Roma women, Roma women who entered into a traditional Roma marriage at a younger age before reaching adulthood, were significantly more inclined to accept such attitudes, then Roma women with a very low level of education, Roma women without completing primary school, unemployed Roma women, and Roma women who gave birth to their first child before the age of 16, as well as those Roma women who have more than 4 children in their care.
Previous studies have shown that symptoms of depression and anxiety were highly prevalent among health sciences students. This may lead to other professional and personal difficulties and a decrease ...in individuals' well-being. This study aimed to analyze levels of depression, anxiety and subjective happiness among health sciences students in Croatia.
We conducted a cross-sectional study in 10 higher education institutions in Croatia during March 2023. Eligible participants were health sciences students. Participants filled out an online survey consisting of sociodemographic questions and validated scales for determining the levels of depression (9-question Patient Health Questionnaire, PHQ-9), anxiety (General Anxiety Disorder 7-item scale, GAD-7), and happiness (Subjective Happiness Scale, SHS).
Of 7460 invited students, 2137 students participated in the study (29% response rate). There were 41.4% of students that exhibited at least mild depressive symptoms, with 8% of students exhibiting moderately severe symptoms and 1.8% severe depressive symptoms. Mild anxiety was found in 36.8%, moderate anxiety in 23.9% and severe anxiety in 15.8% of students. The median SHS score was 19 (15.25-22). Women students had significantly higher levels of depression (p < 0.001) and anxiety (p < 0.001) than their men peers. Students in earlier study years showed higher levels of depression, anxiety and lower levels of subjective happiness compared to those in later study years. Students with lower self-assessed financial status had higher levels of depression (p < 0.001) and anxiety (p < 0.001). Students that failed an academic year had higher levels of depression (p < 0.001), but lower levels of anxiety (p = 0.005).
In this study, we have shown that health sciences students exhibit high levels of depression and anxiety, at rates exceeding those in the general population reported in other studies. Our results may help educational institutions to put greater effort into the battle against mental health stigma, foster acceptance of mental health issues and encourage students to seek help when needed. Adequate mental health services are needed at universities to promote timely diagnosis and treatment of mental health problems.
The aim of this cross-cultural study was to examine predictors of sexual satisfaction. For the present analysis, we used a large-scale sample database that included 8821 individuals from 4 countries. ...All participants completed the same questionnaires, which were designed to capture numerous important variables that have been shown to correlate with sexual satisfaction. According to our results, predictors of sexual satisfaction were classified into four general categories (demographic factors, psychological factors, sociocultural factors, and pathophysiological factors). Our international study found statistically significantly higher satisfaction among homosexual participants, participants aged 18 to 23 years, those with a higher level of education, in a relationship, with a current sexual partner, in a current partnered (unmarried) relationship, and without a diagnosed sexual or mental disorder. At the same time, we found that the correlation between sexual satisfaction and the different predictors varieed considerably across countries, which calls for further research.
NITRATE IN LEAFY GREEN VEGETABLES AND ESTIMATED INTAKE Brkić, Danijel; Bošnir, Jasna; Bevardi, Martina ...
African journal of traditional, complementary, and alternative medicines,
03/2017, Volume:
14, Issue:
3
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Open access
Vegetarian diets are rich in vegetables. Green leafy vegetables are foods that contain considerable amounts of nitrate, which can have both positive and negative effects on the human body. Their ...potential carcinogenicity and toxicity have been proven, particularly after the reduction of nitrate to nitrite itself or just serving as a reactant with amines and/or amides in the formation of N-nitroso compounds -N-nitrosamines and other nitrogen compounds which may have high levels of nitrate. The aim of this study was to determine whether there is a significant difference, considering the location and seasonal sampling period, in the level of nitrate in certain types of green vegetables, all in order to be able to assess their intake, and possible impact on human health, especially knowing that exposure to nitrate can be potentially higher for vegetarian population group.
For this purpose, the sampling of 200 different leafy green vegetables was conducted, all of which could be found in free sale in the Republic of Croatia. The sampling was conducted during two seasonal periods - the spring and autumn period. In the springtime, lettuce (sem), spinach (pinacho), kale (kale), chard (mangel) and cabbage (brassica) were sampled, and in autumn lettuce, spinach, kale, chard and arugula. Samples were analyzed using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with UV detection.
The results from the spring sampling phase were in the range of 603 mg/kg for cabbage - 972 mg/kg for chard, and for autumn phase of 1.024 mg/kg for chard to 4.354 mg/kg for the arugula. The results showed that there were significant differences (p <0.05) for most of the samples analyzed, considering the sampling locations and time period.
The results indicate that the analyzed vegetables contain significant amounts of nitrate in their composition, which represents relatively significant, but still acceptable intake into the human body.
Introduction: Sexual satisfaction is the pleasure an individual feels both physically and psychologically, and is the result of erotic experiences, thoughts, dreams, and autoeroticism. Purpose: The ...purpose of the study is to present the determinants of sexual satisfaction among Bosnian and Herzegovinian women.
Methods: The survey was conducted on 387 Bosnian and Herzegovinian women via online questionnaire that consisted of demographic data and 17 statements. The validated questionnaire was used with some adaptations and contained a 5-point Likert scale for each statement, ranging from “not at all satisfied” to “extremely satisfied.” The inclusion criteria were: (a) Age 18–60 years; and (b) completion of the questionnaire as personal consent. Data were analyzed using SPSS 26.0 statistical software.
Results: Data collection was conducted from July 2020 to September 2020. The realization rate of the sample was 24.19%. Most of the participants have a high school diploma, most are between 18 and 24 years old and most are currently married. Thirty-five percent of women sometimes experience pain during intercourse (less than half the time). The lower half of the vagina (from the vaginal entrance to the half of the vagina) and the lower part of the abdomen are usually most affected. A relationship was found between the number of children and sexual satisfaction. Women without children were the most satisfied with their sexual life, followed by women who had only one or two children.
Conclusions: Every woman has the right to feel sexual satisfaction. The complexity of sexual satisfaction is reflected in many determinants and factors that can influence it positively and negatively.
Teorijska polazišta: Legitimitet na duhovnu skrb ima svaki pacijent u okviru zdravstvene zaštite, a zdravstveni djelatnik obvezu njezina pružanja i odgovornost za nju. Metode: Cilj istraživanja bio ...je: utvrditi stavove studenata prema duhovnosti u pružanju zdravstvene skrbi te ispitati povezanost sociodemografskih karakteristika i razlike u stavovima studenata prema dimenziji duhovnosti. U istraživanju je sudjelovao 161 student Sveučilišta u Zagrebu u dobi od 20,86±3,81. Za svrhe ovog istraživanja korištena je validirana verzija SSCRS upitnika (Spirituality and spiritual care rating scale) za procjenu percepcije i stavova duhovne skrbi. Rezultati: Prema dobivenim rezultatima istraživanja studenti, neovisno o smjeru studija, imaju pozitivne stavove prema dimenziji duhovnosti. Većina studenata smatra da su zdravstveni djelatnici nakon završetka formalnog obrazovanja upoznati s pružanjem duhovne skrbi no istovremeno studenti obuhvaćeni ovim istraživanjem nisu imali nikakvu edukaciju o duhovnoj skrbi za vrijeme svog formalnog obrazovanja. Rasprava i zaključak: Kvalitetna zdravstvena skrb pacijenta zahtijeva pripremljenost zdravstvenog djelatnika kako u stručnosti tako i u duhovnosti. Da bi se odgovorilo na ovaj zahtjev potrebno je prilagoditi sadržaj nastavnog kurikuluma u domeni pružanja duhovne skrbi.
Theoretical starting points: Every patient has a legitimacy to receive spiritual care within their health care, while a health care professional has a responsibility and obligation to provide it. Methods: The goal of this research was to determine students’ opinions on the matters of spirituality within receiving health care as well as to question the correlation between sociodemographic characteristics, and the difference between students’ opinions towards the dimension of spirituality. The survey was taken by 161 students of University of Zagreb, aged 20,86±3,81. For the purpose of this study, a validated version of SSCRS (Spirituality and spiritual care rating scale,) questionnaire was used to assess perception and opinions on spiritual care. Results: According to the results of the research students have a positive stance when it comes to the spiritual dimension, regardless of their field of study. Most of the students believe health care professionals that have completed their formal education, to be well acquainted with providing spiritual care, however, the said students included in the research had no training on the matter during their formal education. Discussion and conclusion: High quality health care requires health care professionals to be prepared both in their professional fields and the spiritual dimension, and to accommodate to this request, it is necessary to conform the curriculum to the domain of providing spiritual care.
There is something horrible about throwing food in the bin. Based on existing literature, 30-50 percent (i.e. 1.2-2 billion tons) of the produced food never reaches anyone’s plate. Global food ...production can be split into production losses, consumers’ waste and consumption. In a world where 850 million people are undernourished, global food supply per person approximates to 570 kg: roughly, 380 kg is consumed, 140 kg is lost in the production and 50 kg is wasted by consumers. Households generate 53% of the total food waste in Europe, the processing industry 19%, food services 12%, the primary production sector 11%, and the retail/wholesale sector 5%. The European hospitality industry is a small food waster that generates only 12% of the total food waste in Europe. Wasted food is accountable for 3.3 GtCO2e. The average carbon footprint of food wastage is about 500 kg of CO2 equivalents per person per year. The blue water footprint of food wastage is about 250 km3. 1.4 billion Ha of land – 28% of the world’s agricultural area – is used annually to produce food that is either lost or wasted. The food which is not eaten contributes to the loss of biodiversity through habitat change, overexploitation, pollution and climate changes. Prompted in part by global food production inefficiency, 9.7 million hectares are deforested annually to grow food – 74% of the total annual deforestation. The scale of global food wastage is shocking, and this wasted food results in a number of ethically questionable implications. Pope Francis rightfully points out that from the moral standpoint prodigal expenditure and wasting of food is no better than stealing from the hungry and poor. From the ecological standpoint, it is no better than stealing from our own children. But moralizing, identifying problems, knowledge and information distribution, and suggesting solutions surely will not convince people to implement offered solutions. The world needs progressive politics for a fairer world to achieve more equitable distribution of wealth. Tourism and the whole hospitality industry can and must play an important role in raising awareness of the value of food. The entire touristic sector can promote changes in food management and consumption with very positive environmental and economic results.
Globalna proizvodnja hrane može se podijeliti na proizvodne gubitke, gubitke vezane uz
potrošače i na konzumaciju hrane. U svijetu u kojemu je 850 milijuna ljudi pothranjeno,
globalno se po osobi proizvede oko 580 kg hrane: 380 kg se konzumira, 140 kg se izgubi
u proizvodnji, a 50 kg završi kao otpad potrošača. Kućanstva proizvode 53 % ukupnog
otpada od hrane u Europi, prerađivačka industrija 19 %, prehrambene usluge 12 %, primarni
proizvodni sektor 11 %, a sektor maloprodaje/veleprodaje 5 %. Europska ugostiteljska
industrija mali je rasipnik hrane koji proizvodi samo 12 % ukupnog otpada od hrane u
Europi. Otpad od hrane uzrokuje 3,3 GtCO2e. Prosječni ugljični otisak povezan s rasipanjem
hrane iznosi oko 500 kg ekvivalenta CO2 po osobi godišnje. Plavi vodeni otisak povezan s
rasipanjem hrane iznosi oko 250 km3. Čak 1,4 milijardi hektara zemlje – 28 % obradive
površine svijeta – godišnje se upotrebljava za proizvodnju hrane koja se izgubi ili baci. Hrana
koja se ne konzumira pridonosi smanjenju biološke raznolikosti kao posljedica promjena
staništa, prekomjerne eksploatacije, zagađenja i klimatskih promjena. Djelomično zahvaljujući
neučinkovitosti globalne proizvodnje hrane godišnje se raskrči 9,7 milijuna hektara šume radi
proizvodnje hrane – 74 % ukupne godišnje deforestacije. Rasipanje hrane na globalnoj je
razini šokantno, a to rasipanje hrane rezultira nizom etički upitnih implikacija. Papa Franjo
s pravom ističe da je s moralnog gledišta bacanje i rasipanje hrane kao da krademo od onih
koji su siromašni i gladni. S ekološkog gledišta, to je isto kao da krademo od vlastite djece.
Ali moraliziranje, identificiranje problema, raspodjela znanja i informacija te predlaganje
rješenja zasigurno neće uvjeriti ljude da primjenjuju ponuđena rješenja. Svijetu je potrebna
progresivna politika za pravedniji svijet kako bi se postigla pravednija raspodjela bogatstva.
Turizam i čitava ugostiteljska industrija mogu i moraju imati važnu ulogu u podizanju svijesti
o vrijednosti hrane. Cijeli turistički sektor može promicati promjene u upravljanju i potrošnji
hrane s vrlo pozitivnim ekološkim i gospodarskim rezultatima.
Introduction: The aim of the study was to determine the nitrites and nitrates content in fresh cow’s milk samples from milking machines, and to determine whether their amount is affected by the ...season of sampling (summer/winter).
Methods: The methodology used was analytical transversal method at 2-time points. All milk samples were sampled at milk machines from the City of Zagreb and Zagreb County, during the summer and winter months in 2020. A total of 40 milk samples were sampled, with 20 samples in each monitored period (summer/winter). A high-performance liquid chromatography with a diode array detector was used to identify and quantify concentrations of the nitrate and the nitrite content. The results were processed using descriptive statistics and the statistics of differences.
Results: The analysis determined the range of nitrate content from 1.28 mg/kg to 19.71 mg/kg and the range of nitrite content was from 0.49 mg/kg to 3.42 mg/kg in milk samples. The mean result of nitrates in fresh cow’s milk samples in the summer period was 9.12 mg/kg and in the winter period of 3.88 mg/kg. The mean value of nitrite in the summer was 1.23 mg/kg, while the mean value of nitrite in the winter period was 1.48 mg/kg.
Conclusion: The research has shown that the nitrate and the nitrite levels in local fresh cow’s milk sampled in milk machines do not exceed the maximum allowable intake. The obtained results confirmed that the amounts of nitrates and nitrites in the milk samples differ significantly during the winter and summer periods and differences are depending on the location of the milk machine.
Pesticides are chemicals used in agriculture to protect crops from pests. In addition to protection during cultivation, they are also used after harvesting to extend the shelf life of products. ...Postharvest control stands out, especially when it comes to products imported from distant countries, resulting in increased concentration of pesticides and risk to human health consuming such products. In this study, analyses of pesticide residues were performed on 200 samples of fruits and vegetables. Pesticide residues were identified and quantified in 30 out of 200 samples. Study results revealed imazalil to be the most frequently detected pesticide. Risk assessment was performed on the obtained results, and it was carried out separately for adults and for children under 6 years of age. Imazalil showed the highest ARfD percentage for adults (max% ARfD 251%), and these values were especially high on risk assessment for children, where they amounted up to max% ARfD 1087%. The study of imazalil impact was performed on 16 Swiss albino mice divided into two groups and 4 subgroups. Experimental group animals were treated with the corresponding NOAEL dose of imazalil (10 mg/kg) for 28 days. Body weight was measured before each pesticide application on a digital electronic Sartorius scale. Peripheral blood analysis was performed after 28-day animal exposure to pesticides. Animals were anesthetized, blood samples were obtained by cardiac puncture, and red blood cell (RBC) count, hemoglobin (Hb) concentration, and white blood cell (WBC) count were determined by standard hematological methods. The organs for determination of imazalil concentration were extracted immediately upon animal sacrifice and stored in a freezer at -80°C until analysis. Results show difference in gain weight, and an increase in WBC count was recorded in the experimental group as compared with a control group of animals. The highest imazalil levels were recorded in adipose tissue (45.2‰) which proves tendency to accumulate.
Rabies is a zoonotic disease (a disease transmitted to humans from animals) that is caused by a virus. The disease affects domestic and wild animals, and is spread to people through close contact ...with infectious material, usually saliva, via bites or scratches. Rabies is present on all continents with the exception of Antarctica, but more than 95% of human deaths occur in Asia and Africa. Once the symptoms of the disease have developed, rabies is nearly always fatal. People are usually infected following deep bite or scratch by an infected animal. Dogs are the main host and transmitter of rabies. They are the source of infection in all of the estimated 55 000 human rabies deaths annually in Asia and Africa. Bats are the source of most human rabies deaths in the Americas. Bat rabies has also recently emerged as a public health threat in Australia and Western Europe. Human deaths following exposure to foxes, raccoons, skunks, jackals, mongooses and other wild carnivore host species are very rare. In the Zagreb Anti Rabies Clinic, from 1995 to 2014, there were 18,094 patients bitten by various animals, but only 2 cases were caused by jackals. One was imported (from France), and the other was from Croatia. The incidence of jackal injuries during the observed period was extremely low, accounting for 0.011% of all animals. When the imported case is excluded, the incidence was 0.0055%. Accordingly, it is concluded that jackal bites and injuries are exceptionally low and that they pose no risk for patients who present routinely to the Zagreb Anti Rabies Clinic. Therefore, it is justified that jackal as an animal species be classified in the group of 'other animals', when officially reported.
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