Noncommunicable diseases Hunter, David J; Reddy, K Srinath
New England journal of medicine/The New England journal of medicine,
10/2013, Volume:
369, Issue:
14
Journal Article
The latest estimates and analyses from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015 (GBD 2015)1-7 provide a vital link between the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and the Sustainable Development Goals ...(SDGs) for 2016-30. The GBD 2015 investigators report global and national trends in various health metrics, from 1990 to 2015, and their association with levels of national development measured through a Socio-demographic Index (SDI), and profile epidemiological and health transitions across the world. GBD 2015 also measures progress on specific MDG-related indicators and non-MDG-related indicators that are included in the SDGs.1-7
Unhealthy diets pose a greater risk to morbidity and mortality than does unsafe sex, and alcohol, drug, and tobacco use combined. Because much of the world's population is inadequately nourished and ...many environmental systems and processes are pushed beyond safe boundaries by food production, a global transformation of the food system is urgently needed. More than 820 million people have insufficient food and many more consume an unhealthy diet that contributes to premature death and morbidity. ...global food production is the largest pressure caused by humans on Earth, threatening local ecosystems and the stability of the Earth system. With food production causing major global environmental risks, sustainable food production needs to operate within the safe operating space for food systems at all scales on Earth. ...sustainable food production for about 10 billion people should use no additional land, safeguard existing biodiversity, reduce consumptive water use and manage water responsibly, substantially reduce nitrogen and phosphorus pollution, produce zero carbon dioxide emissions, and cause no further increase in methane and nitrous oxide emissions. Because food systems are a major driver of poor health and environmental degradation, global efforts are urgently needed to collectively transform diets and food production.
Several public health experts have questioned a general need for boosters.5 Beyond declining antibody concentrations, proponents of booster doses have cited real-life evidence of protection against ...breakthrough infections in Israel.6 As clinical trials of booster dose efficacy would be difficult to conduct at this stage of the pandemic, evidence about protection is valuable. The study included recipients of the BNT162b2 vaccine, which delivers a lower antigen dose than Moderna's mRNA-1273 vaccine.7 The US Centers for Disease Control Prevention report from a case-control analysis that the mRNA-1273 vaccine showed a decline in efficacy from 93% to 92%, after 120 days from the completion of vaccination, in contrast to a decline from 91% to 77% for BNT162b2.7 A report on a Kaiser Permanente population indicates that effectiveness of the BNT162b2 vaccine against the delta (B.1.617.2) variant fell to 53% (95% CI 39–64) 4 months after the second dose, although effectiveness against admission to hospital remained high at 93% (84–96) up to 6 months.8 Other reports from Israel and Qatar indicate speedily declining protection.2,3 Although these reports strengthen the case for a booster dose of BNT162b2, there is no evidence yet to suggest that global policies related to other vaccines should be influenced by this experience. ...dose vaccine effectiveness against admission to hospital and severe disease was similar between males and females, and between individuals aged 40–69 years and at least 70 years; however, for individuals aged 16–39 years, the rate of these severe outcomes was too small for meaningful estimation.
Non-communicable diseases (NCDs), principally heart disease, stroke, cancer, diabetes, and chronic respiratory diseases, are a global crisis and require a global response. Despite the threat to human ...development, and the availability of affordable, cost-effective, and feasible interventions, most countries, development agencies, and foundations neglect the crisis. The UN High-Level Meeting (UN HLM) on NCDs in September, 2011, is an opportunity to stimulate a coordinated global response to NCDs that is commensurate with their health and economic burdens. To achieve the promise of the UN HLM, several questions must be addressed. In this report, we present the realities of the situation by answering four questions: is there really a global crisis of NCDs; how is NCD a development issue; are affordable and cost-effective interventions available; and do we really need high-level leadership and accountability? Action against NCDs will support other global health and development priorities. A successful outcome of the UN HLM depends on the heads of states and governments attending the meeting, and endorsing and implementing the commitments to action. Long-term success requires inspired and committed national and international leadership.
The international community can best support countries to implement progressive universal health coverage by financing population, policy, and implementation research, such as on the mechanics of ...designing and implementing evolution of the benefits package as the resource envelope for public finance grows. Antimicrobials based on a new mechanism of action Combined diarrhoea vaccine (rotavirus, enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli, typhoid, and shigella); protein-based universal pneumococcal vaccine; respiratory syncytial virus vaccine; hepatitis C vaccine ..
Cardiovascular disease was recognised as common in high-income countries in the 1960s and 1970s, 2 but the age-standardised mortality from cardiovascular disease has halved since then, through better ...prevention (such as lifestyle changes and risk factor control) and wider use of simple but effective treatments for acute events and secondary prevention. 3 However, the use of these proven strategies, even in wealthy countries, is far from optimum and more widespread implementation could further reduce the rates of cardiovascular disease in the next two decades in most high-income countries.
Towards a common definition of global health Koplan, Jeffrey P, Prof; Bond, T Christopher, PhD; Merson, Michael H, Prof ...
Lancet,
06/2009, Volume:
373, Issue:
9679
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Open access
A steady evolution of philosophy, attitude, and practice has led to the increased use of the term global health. ... on the basis of this analysis, we offer the following definition: global health is ...an area for study, research, and practice that places a priority on improving health and achieving equity in health for all people worldwide.
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