The grain refinement process of Ti-6Al-4V alloy under LSP: (a) LDD in original grains; (b) Dislocations in β phase; (c) DTIs in α phase; (d) DTs transform into DCs; (e) DWs develop into sub-GBs; (f) ...GR accomplishes.
•LSP could repair the surface defects and reduce the surface roughness.•Microstructure evolution of α phase in Ti-6Al-4V alloy processed by LSP is distinct from β phase.•Multidirectional twin intersections and subgrain boundaries are the main mechanism of grain refinement of Ti-6Al-4V alloy.•Grain refinement process of the Ti-6Al-4V alloy was illustrated.
Microstructure evolution and grain refinement of Ti-6Al-4V alloy after laser shock processing (LSP) are systematically investigated in this paper. Laser shock waves were induced by a Q-switched Nd:YAG laser system operated with a wave-length of 1064nm and 10ns pulse width. The microstructures of LSP samples were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM). Present results indicate that the surface hardness of samples subjected to LSP impacts has significantly improved. Multidirectional twin intersections and dislocation movements lead to grain subdivision in α phase with ultra-high plastic deformation. High-density dislocations are found in β phase. Multidirectional twin intersections and division of sub-grain boundaries play an important role in the grain refinement of Ti-6Al-4V alloy under LSP loading conditions.
Micro-structural evolution and grain refinement in ANSI 304 stainless steel subjected to multiple laser shock processing (LSP) impacts were investigated by means of cross-sectional optical microscopy ...and transmission electron microscopy observations. The plastic strain-induced grain refinement mechanism of the face-centered cubic (fcc) materials with very low stacking fault energy was identified. The micro-structure was obviously refined due to the ultra-high plastic strain induced by multiple LSP impacts. The minimum grain size in the top surface was about 50–200
nm. Multidirectional mechanical twin matrix (MT)–MT intersections led to grain subdivision at the top surface during multiple LSP impacts. Furthermore, a novel structure with submicron triangular blocks was found at the top surface subjected to three LSP impacts. The grain refinement process along the depth direction after multiple LSP impacts can be described as follows: (i) formation of planar dislocation arrays (PDAs) and stacking faults along multiple directions due to the pile up of dislocation lines; (ii) formation of submicron triangular blocks (or irregularly shaped blocks) by the intersection of MT–MT (or MT–PDA or PDA–PDA) along multiple directions; (iii) transformation of MTs into subgrain boundaries; (iv) evolution by continuous dynamic recrystallization of subgrain boundaries to refined grain boundaries. The experimental results and analyses indicate that a high strain with an ultra-high strain rate play a crucial role in the grain refinement process of fcc materials subjected to multiple LSP impacts.
SFTS virus (SFTSV) is a novel bunyavirus that causes severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS), an emerging infectious disease that occurred in China in recent years, with an average case ...fatality rate of 10–12%. Intervention in the early clinical stage is the most effective measure to reduce the mortality rate of disease. To elucidate the natural course of and immune mechanisms associated with the pathogenesis of SFTSV, 59 laboratory-confirmed SFTS patients in the acute phase, who were hospitalized between October 2010 and September 2011, were enrolled in this study, and the patients sera were dynamically collected and tested for SFTSV viral RNA load, 34 cytokines or chemokines and other related laboratory parameters. All clinical diagnostic factors in the acute phase of SFTS were evaluated and assessed. The study showed that the severity of the disease in 11 (18.6%) patients was associated with abdominal pain (p 0.007; OR = 21.95; 95% CI, 2.32–208.11) and gingival bleeding (p 0.001; OR = 122.11; 95% CI, 6.41–2328). The IP-10, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-10, granzyme B and HSP70 levels were higher over the 7–8 days in severe cases, accompanied by altered AST, CK and LDH levels. HSP70 (p 0.012; OR = 8.29; 95% CI, 1.58–43.40) was independently correlated with the severity of the early acute phase of SFTSV infection. The severity of SFTS can be predicted based on the presence of symptoms such as abdominal pain and gingival bleeding and on the level of HSP70 in the acute phase of the disease.
Abyssal manganese nodules have been explored widely for their economic potential and paleoenvironmental significance. Debate about whether biogenic or physical‐chemical processes are responsible for ...their formation remains because of difficulties in quantifying ancient microbiological contributions. To address this question, we investigated microbial fossils in manganese nodules from the western Pacific Ocean by integrating scanning electron microscope, transmission electron microscope, and synchrotron transmission X‐ray microscope observations. Our results suggest that the nodules host abundant fossil biogenic magnetite and manganese‐oxidizing bacteria. These organisms engage in redox reactions or live in environments with redox gradients. By combining magnetic properties and observations of fossil biogenic magnetite morphology, we estimate magnetofossil abundances and further assess fossil biogenic manganese oxide in nodules. Our results imply that manganese nodule formation appears to be dominated by biomineralization with an additional terrestrial contribution. Extensive biomineralization in ultralow‐productivity oceanic environments suggests that manganese nodule formation is an important aspect of biogeochemical cycling in abyssal seafloor environments.
Key Points
Abyssal ferromanganese nodules host abundant fossil biogenic magnetite and manganese oxide produced in environments with redox gradients
Redox reactions fueled abyssal microbial activity and contributed to biomass production in microecosystems within nodules
Manganese nodule formation appears to be dominated by biomineralization
Summary
Activated calcium‐/calmodulin‐dependent protein kinaseII (CaMKII) is important to promote chondrocytes from proliferative to pre‐hypertrophic state, which probably plays a role in ...osteoarthritis (OA), a widespread degeneration disease with enhanced aberrant chondrocyte differentiation. Our aim was to detect the role of CaMKII, and its relationship with the feedback loop of Indian hedgehog (Ihh) and Parathyroid‐related peptide (PTHrP) in the temporomandibular joints (TMJs) OA. KN93, the competitive inhibitor of CaMKII, was added to the culture medium in vitro and was locally injected to rats TMJs (n = 54, female) every other day for 4 weeks from the beginning of the 5th and 9th week after installing of unilateral anterior crossbite (UAC), termed as 4 wk+4 wk and 8 wk+4 wk, accordingly. The RNA expression of CaMKII α (1.49 ± 0.09), CaMKII β (3.36 ± 0.20), Ihh (1.88 ± 0.06) and PTHrP (1.87 ± 0.12) was all enhanced, especially at 24 dyn/cm2 in vitro (all P < .05), accompanied with downregulated expression of cartilage matrix, but upregulated markers of chondrocytes differentiation (all P < 0.05). Similarity was observed in the 4 wk+4 wk group in vivo. In the 8 wk+4 wk group, UAC upregulated the RNA expression of CaMKII α (1.81 ± 0.24), CaMKII β (1.36 ± 0.07) and Ihh (1.70 ± 0.21), however, down‐regulated PTHrP (0.53 ± 0.04) (all P < .05), in consonance with the protein expression. All these changes were attenuated by KN93 (all P < .05). In conclusion, CaMKII took a role, via Ihh and PTHrP pathways, in promoting biomechanically induced TMJ chondrocytes differentiation, the initiation issue of UAC stimulated osteoarthritic changes in rodent TMJs. Inhibiting CaMKII is helpful to rescue the biomechanically stimulated cartilage degradation and prospective to be a target treatment of OA.
Physical activity has been shown to suppress tumor initiation and progression. The neurotransmitter dopamine (DA) is closely related to movement and exhibits antitumor properties. However, whether ...the suppressive effects of physical activity on tumors was mediated by the nervous system via increased DA level remains unknowns. Here we show that regular moderate swimming (8 min/day, 9 weeks) raised DA levels in the prefrontal cortex, serum and tumor tissue, suppressed growth, reduced lung metastasis of transplanted liver cancer, and prolonged survival in a C57BL/6 mouse model, while overload swimming (16 and 32 min/day, 9 weeks) had the opposite effect. In nude mice that were orthotopically implanted with human liver cancer cell lines, DA treatment significantly suppressed growth and lung metastasis by acting on the D2 receptor (DR2). Furthermore, DR2 blockade attenuated the suppressive effect of moderate swimming on liver cancer. Both moderate swimming and DA treatment suppressed the transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β1)-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition of transplanted liver cancer cells. At the molecular level, DR2 signaling inhibited extracellular signal-regulated kinase phosphorylation and expression of TGF-β1 in vitro. Together, these findings demonstrated a novel mechanism by which the moderate exercise suppressed liver cancer through boosting DR2 activity, while overload exercise had the opposite effect, highlighting the possible importance of the dopaminergic system in tumor growth and metastasis of liver cancer.
This paper systematically investigated the effect of laser shock processing (LSP) on dislocation evolution and microstructure configuration of GH2036 alloy. Surface topography and roughness were ...tested by Axio CSM 700 microscope. The dislocation configurations were characterized by transmission electron microscope (TEM) and simulated by multi-scale discrete dislocation dynamics (DD) method. The results have confirmed that LSP had a beneficial effect on micro-hardness, which could be increased by 16%, and the surface topography exhibited excellent stability even after thermal cycle. The dislocation density and stress–strain response have strong dependence on laser power intensity. Reasonable agreement between DD simulation and experiments is achieved. The results showed that complex random microstructures can be observed in the shocked surface. The grain refinement mechanism of LSP GH2036 involves dislocation segmentation and twin intersections.
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•Different scanning patterns were employed in laser shock peening (LSP) AA 2024-T351.•Compressive residual stress distribution and fatigue life were affected by the scanning ...patterns.•The density of fatigue striation of the LSP treated specimen was higher.
Laser shock peening (LSP) utilizes the action of laser induced plasma to cause plastic deformation in metallic components. As a result, compressive residual stress is induced on the surface to improve its fatigue life. Our contribution in this paper is to investigate the effects of LSP scanning patterns on residual stress distribution and fatigue performance in Al 2024-T351 specimens. We use a 3D finite element analysis to simulate the residual stress distribution and experiment to establish correlation between the residual stress distribution and fatigue performance. We employ X-Y scanning pattern, Y-X scanning pattern and L-Spiral scanning pattern as the advancing scanning methods in LSP dog-bone specimens. Our results show that, tensile residual stresses are sandwiched between two compressive residual stresses at the front and back surfaces of the specimen. We therefore, observe some variations in residual stress distribution at the laser affected zone. In which case, the L-Spiral scanning pattern produces favorable residual stress distribution and considers as relatively more efficient to extend fatigue performance. We further observe that the extended fatigue life of 287% at 103 MPa shows that the LSP advancing scanning pattern has a great impact on residual stress and fatigue life respectively.
•Fe-based metallic glasses with unrestricted geometry can be fabricated using SLM.•The crystalline phases in the gas-atomized powder disappeared after SLM.•High quality Fe-based metallic glasses ...obtained by choosing appropriate parameters.
Fe-based metallic glasses (MGs) can be potential structural materials owing to an exceptional combination of strength, corrosion and wear resistance properties. However, many traditional methods are difficult to fabricate Fe-based MGs with complex geometry. In this study, a new metallurgical processing technology, selective laser melting (SLM), was employed to fabricate Fe-Cr-Mo-W-Mn-C-Si-B metallic glasses. The microstructure, thermal stability and mechanical properties of the as-fabricate samples processing with different laser energy density have been investigated by X-Ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and nano-hardness. Thanks to the high cooling rates of SLM, the crystalline phases in the gas-atomized powder almost completely disappeared and nearly fully amorphous structure parts were obtained after SLM processing. By choosing appropriate parameters, the size and quantity of the pores were reduced effectively and the relative density of the samples can reach values of over 96%. Although additional work is required to remove the residual porosity and avoid the formation of cracks during processing, the present results contribute to the development of Fe-based bulk metallic glasses parts with complex geometry via the SLM.
•LSP can increase the wear resistance of TC11 under elevated temperature.•The test temperature and load have effect on tribological properties of TC11.•The wear mechanisms of TC11 are different under ...various sliding wear conditions.•The tribo-layers on the worn surface of the LSPed specimens are dense and uniform.
Titanium alloy is regarded as a high performance material which has wide application prospect in aerospace and medical field. However, their poor wear properties may lead to failures in early service stages. In this paper, the microstructure, micro-hardness and residual stress of TC11 alloy treated by laser shock peening (LSP) are investigated. The sliding wear experiments are performed to study the influence of various temperature and applied load on the wear behaviors of TC11 alloy with and without LSP. The results indicate that the LSPed specimen has a superior wear properties to that of as-received specimen under the same wear test conditions. The tribological properties are greatly dependent on wear testing temperature and applied load. For the specimens tested under 15 N, the variation trend of friction coefficient and wear rate reduces first (25–500 °C) and then increases (500–600 °C) with increasing the test temperature. When the sliding wear test conducted at 400 °C, the larger the applied load, the more the friction coefficient and wear rate. The prominent tribological performances of LSPed TC11 alloy is ascribed to the high compressive residual stress and grain refinement induced by LSP.
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