Recientemente publicamos el análisis de los apellidos del Padrón Electoral de 2010 de la República Oriental del Uruguay a través de distancias isonímicas, basado en sus 19 departamentos y las 171 ...comparaciones posibles entre estos, lo que mostró la forma-ción de dos grandes agrupamientos en el sur, y otros pocos vinculados en el norte y este. El objetivo del presente trabajo es detallar el análisis de las distancias isonímicas utilizando la distribución de apellidos, no a nivel departamental, sino de los 221 municipios en los cuales se divide el país. Se estimaron las distancias isonímicas entre ellos, tomados dos a dos (24.310 comparaciones), se construyeron las matrices de distancia correspondientes y se correlacionaron con las de distancias geográficas. La correlación fue mayor para la distancia euclídea (r=0,253±0,033), intermedia para la de Lasker (r=0,18±0,029) y menor para la de Nei (r=0,17±0,03), todas estadísticamente significativas (p<0,001). Se construyeron nuevos dendrogramas determinándose agrupamientos no identificados previamente. Se destaca cierta homogeneidad en el sur con las me-nores distancias, con 7 agrupamientos cercanos a Montevideo. Al norte, con mayores distancias que denotan mayor heterogeneidad de apellidos, se identifican 8 agrupamientos. Se corrobora que el río Negro actuó como barrera geográfica, pero también se observan límites marcados por otros accidentes orográficos, hidrográficos, históricos y factores sociodemográficos no identificados en el análisis anterior. Por último, se resalta la utilidad del uso de apellidos para analizar la estructura poblacional, permitiendo el análisis global de la población de un país, en este caso, Uruguay.
When migrating, people carry their cultural and genetic history, changing both the transmitting and the receiving populations. This phenomenon changes the structure of the population of a country. ...The question is how to analyze the impact on the border region. A demographic and geopolitical analysis of borders requires an interdisciplinary approach. An isonymic analysis can be a useful tool. Surnames are part of cultural history, sociocultural features transmitted from ancestors to their descendants through a vertical mechanism similar to that of genetic inheritance. The analysis of surname distribution can give quantitative information about the genetic structure of populations. The isonymic relations between border communities in southern Bolivia and northern Argentina were analyzed from electoral registers for 89 sections included in four major administrative divisions, two from each country, that include the international frontier. The Euclidean and geographic distance matrices where estimated for all possible pairwise comparisons between sections. The average isonymic distance was lower between Argentine than between Bolivian populations. Argentine sections formed three clusters, of which only one included a Bolivian section. The remaining clusters were exclusively formed by sections from Bolivia. The isonymic distance was greater along the border. Regardless of the intense human mobility in the past as in the present, and the presence of three major transborder conurbations, the Bolivian-Argentine international boundary functions as a geographical and administrative barrier that differentially affects the distribution and frequency of surnames. The observed pattern could possibly be a continuity of pre-Columbian regional organization.
Summary
In this work, we investigated surname distribution in 4,348,021 Honduran electors with the aim of detecting population structure through the study of isonymy in three administrative levels: ...the whole nation, the 18 departments, and the 298 municipalities. For each administrative level, we studied the surname effective number, α, the total inbreeding, FIT, the random inbreeding, FST, and the local inbreeding, FIS. Principal components analysis, multidimensional scaling, and cluster analysis were performed on Lasker's distance matrix to detect the direction of surname diffusion and for a graphic representation of the surname relationship between different locations. The values of FIT, FST, and FIS display a variation of random inbreeding between the administrative levels in the Honduras population, which is attributed to the “Prefecture effect.” Multivariate analyses of department data identified two main clusters, one south‐western and the second north‐eastern, with the Bay Islands and the eastern Gracias a Dios out of the main clusters.
The results suggest that currently the population structure of this country is the result of the joint action of short‐range directional migration and drift, with drift dominating over migration, and that population diffusion may have taken place mainly in the NW‐SE direction.
In human populations various flexible, labile and interdependent structures (genetic, demographic, socioeconomic) co-exist, each of which can be organized in an hierarchical order corresponding to ...administrative entities. The relationship between consanguinity, as estimated by random isonymy (F ST), and socioeconomic conditions was analysed at different levels of political and administrative organization in Argentina. From the surnames of 22,666,139 voters from the 2001 electoral roll, F ST was estimated for 510 Argentinian departments. Using a principal component analysis, a Socio-Demographic and Economic Indicator (SDEI), summarizing the effect of 22 socioeconomic and demographic variables at the departmental level, was computed. The relationship between departmental F ST and SDEI values was analysed for the whole nation and within regions using multiple regression analysis. The F ST presented a clinal distribution with the highest values in the north and west of the country, while SDEI expressed the opposite behaviour. A negative and significant correlation was observed between F ST and SDEI, accounting for 46% of the variation in consanguinity in Argentina. The strongest correlations of F ST with SDEI were observed in the Central, Patagonia and Cuyo regions, i.e. those with the highest values of SDEI and lowest values of F ST.
Abstract Introduction The single nucleotide polymorphism Val35Leu has been described within the A subunit of gene Factor XIII (FXIII-A) in association with an increase of FXIII activity. In the ...gene's promoter region STR F13A01 is present, however there is no available data related about its influence on the expression of FXIII. Materials and Methods Blood samples were obtained from apparently healthy and unrelated biologically individuals from northeastern area of Venezuela. The system Val35Leu was amplified by PCR-RFLP using Mse I as restriction enzyme. FXIIIA and FXIIIB levels were measured by rocket- immunoelectrophoresis. FXIII activity was measured with a Berichrom kit and fibrinogen by clot weigh method. Results FXIII-A had an activity range between 50–184% and FXIII-B between 50–155%. FXIII activity had a range of 59–147%. Fibrinogen was found between 122–502 mg/dL. None of these values showed association with Val35Leu genotypes. In the third fibrinogen tertile a higher FXIII activity was found (96 ± 24%) and a higher frequency of Leu/Leu genotype (7.02%). A significant correlation between fibrinogen and FXIII activity (r = 0.2706, p > 0.01) was observed. Nine different alleles were detected in the STR polymorphism, with the most frequent alleles being 7 (24.70%), 6 (15.06%), 5 (22.29%), 4 (18.07%), and 3.2 (13.25). The results suggest an increase in FXIII activity as the number of repetitions in F13A01 increased up to allele 5. Conclusions This study offers new genetic information of FXIII activity and levels reference values from Venezuelan human population.
Summary
In order to describe the isonymic structure of Albania, the distribution of 3,068,447 surnames was studied in the 12 prefectures and their administrative subdivisions: the 36 districts and ...321 communes. The number of different surnames found was 37,184. Effective surname number for the entire country was 1327, the average for prefectures was 653.3 ± 84.3, for districts 365.9 ± 42.0 and for communes 122.6 ± 8.7. These values display a variation of inbreeding between administrative levels in the Albanian population, which can be attributed to the previously published “Prefecture effect”.
Matrices of isonymic distances between units within administrative levels were tested for correlation with geographic distances. The correlations were highest for prefectures (r = 0.71 ± 0.06 for Euclidean distance) and lowest for communes (r = 0.37 ± 0.011 for Nei's distance).
The multivariate analyses (Principal component analysis and Multidimensional Scaling) of prefectures identify three main clusters, one toward the North, the second in Central Albania, and the third in the South. This pattern is consistent with important subclusters from districts and communes, which point out that the country may have been colonised by diffusion of groups in the North‐South direction, and from Macedonia in the East, over a pre‐existing Illiryan population.
A Study of the Population of Paraguay through Isonymy Dipierri, José; Rodriguez‐Larralde, Alvaro; Alfaro, Emma ...
Annals of human genetics,
November 2011, 2011-Nov, 20111101, Volume:
75, Issue:
6
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Summary
In order to describe the isonymic structure of Paraguay, the distribution of 4,843,868 surnames of 2,882,163 persons was studied in the 18 departments and 237 districts of the nation. The ...correlations between isonymic and geographic distances for departments were r = 0.713 ± 0.052 for Euclidean distance, 0.597 ± 0.074 for Nei's and 0.582 ± 0.076 for Lasker's, and for districts r = 0.320 ± 0.007, 0.235 ± 0.009 and 0.422 ± 0.008, respectively. Average α was 151 for the entire country, 140.6 ± 6.5 for departments and 108.2 ± 2.7 for districts. The geographical distribution of districts’α is compatible with the settlement of subsequent groups of migrants moving from South towards the Centre and North of Paraguay. The geographical analysis of the first three components of Lasker's isonymy distance matrix is in agreement with such a process. The prevalence of Spanish–Amerindian ethnic groups and the relative absence of indigenous surnames (absence due mainly to the forced surname change of 1848) is in agreement with the diffusion of Spanish speaking males over a low‐density area populated by indigenous groups. The present distribution of Y‐markers and mt‐markers in the available studies in most Latin American populations is compatible with this process.
Population isolates are an important tool in identifying and mapping genes of Mendelian diseases and complex traits. The geographical identification of isolates represents a priority from a genetic ...and health care standpoint. The purpose of this study is to analyze the spatial distribution of consanguinity by random isonymy (
F
ST
) in Argentina and its relationship with the isolates previously identified in the country.
F
ST
was estimated from the surname distribution of 22.6 million electors registered for the year 2001 in the 24 provinces, 5 geographical regions, and 510 departments of the country. Statistically significant spatial clustering of
F
ST
was determined using the SaTScan V5.1 software.
F
ST
exhibited a marked regional and departamental variation, showing the highest values towards the North and West of Argentina. The clusters of high consanguinity by random isonymy followed the same distribution. Recognized Argentinean genetic isolates are mainly localized at the north of the country, in clusters of high inbreeding. Given the availability of listings of surnames in high-capacity storage devices for different countries, estimating
F
ST
from them can provide information on inbreeding for all levels of administrative subdivisions, to be used as a demographic variable for the identification of isolates within the country for public health purposes.
Human sexual orientation is a complex trait, influenced by several genes, experiential and sociocultural factors. These elements interact and produce a typical pattern of sexual orientation towards ...the opposite sex. Some exceptions exist, like bisexuality and homosexuality, which seem to be more frequent in males than females. Traditional methods for the genetic study of behavior multifactorial characteristics consist in detecting the presence of familial aggregation. In order to identify the importance of genetic and environmental factors in this aggregation, the concordance of the trait for monozygotic and dizygotic twins and for adopted sibs, reared together and apart, is compared. These types of studies have shown that familial aggregation is stronger for male than for female homosexuality. Based on the threshold method for multifactorial traits, and varying the frequency of homosexuality in the population between 4 and 10%, heritability estimates between 0.27 and 0.76 have been obtained. In 1993, linkage between homosexuality and chromosomal region Xq28 based on molecular approaches was reported. Nevertheless, this was not confirmed in later studies. Recently, a wide search of the genome has given significant or close to significant linkage values with regions 7q36, 8p12 and 10q26, which need to be studied more closely. Deviation in the proportion of X chromosome inactivation in mothers of homosexuals seems to favor the presence of genes related with sexual orientation in this chromosome. There is still much to be known about the genetics of human homosexuality.
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