Roy A. The 21st-century metropolis: new geographies of theory, Regional Studies. This paper calls for 'new geographies' of imagination and epistemology in the production of urban and regional theory. ...It argues that the dominant theorizations of global city-regions are rooted in the EuroAmerican experience and are thus unable to analyse multiple forms of metropolitan modernities. By drawing on the urban experience of the global South, the paper presents new conceptual vectors for understanding the worlding of cities, the production of space, and the dynamics of exurbanity. It makes the case that such area-based knowledge deepens recent theoretical attempts to articulate a relational study of space and place.
Roy A. Les métropoles du XXIe siècle: nouvelle géographie de la théorie, Regional Studies. Cet article appelle à de nouvelles géographies de l'imagination et de l'épistémologie pour la production de théories urbaines et régionales. Il avance que les théorisations dominantes des villes-régions du monde sont enracinées dans l'expérience euro-américaine et sont donc incapables d'analyser les formes multiples de la modernité des métropoles. En s'appuyant sur l'expérience urbaine du Sud, cet article présente de nouveaux vecteurs conceptuels pour comprendre la mondialisation des villes, la production d'espaces et la dynamique de l'exurbanisation. Il prétend que la connaissance basée sur la région approfondit de récentes tentatives théoriques visant à expliquer une étude relationnelle de l'espace et de la place.
Nouvelle géographie Avenir de l'urbanité Théorie de l'urbanité Urbanisation Urbanisme Villes du tiers-monde
Roy A. Die Metropole im 21. Jahrhundert: neue Geografien der Theorie, Regional Studies. In diesem Artikel werden 'neue Geografien' der Fantasie und Epistemologie bei der Entwicklung von urbanen und regionalen Theorien gefordert. Es wird argumentiert, dass die dominanten Theoretisierungen der globalen Stadtregionen in der euro-amerikanischen Erfahrung verwurzelt sind, weshalb sie sich nicht zu einer Analyse der multiplen Formen von metropolitanen Modernitäten eignen. Durch eine Nutzung der urbanen Erfahrungen im globalen Süden werden im Artikel neue konzeptuelle Vektoren für das Verständnis der Weltentwicklung von Städten, der Produktion von Raum und der Dynamik der Exurbanität vorgestellt. Es wird argumentiert, dass sich durch ein solches gebietsbasiertes Wissen die jüngsten theoretischen Versuche der Artikulation einer relationalen Studie von Raum und Ort vertiefen lassen.
Neue Geografien Urbane Zukunften Stadttheorie Urbanisierung Stadtplanung Drittweltstädte
Roy A. La metrópolis del siglo XXI: Nuevas geografías de la teoría, Regional Studies. En este artículo abogo por unas 'nuevas geografías' de la imaginación y la epistemología en la producción de la teoría urbana y regional. Postulo que las teorizaciones dominantes de las regiones ciudades globales tienen sus raíces en la experiencia euroamericana y por tanto no son capaces de analizar las diversas formas de modernidades metropolitanas. Basándome en la experiencia urbana del sur global, en este artículo presento los nuevos vectores conceptuales para comprender el desarrollo mundial de las ciudades, la producción del espacio y las dinámicas de la exurbanidad. Expongo que tales conocimientos de áreas incrementan los recientes intentos teóricos de articular un estudio relacional del espacio y el lugar.
Nuevas geografías Futuros urbanos Teoría urbana Urbanización Urbanismo Las ciudades del tercer mundo
This article is an intervention in the epistemologies and methodologies of urban studies. It seeks to understand and transform the ways in which the cities of the global South are studied and ...represented in urban research, and to some extent in popular discourse. As such, the article is primarily concerned with a formation of ideas —‘subaltern urbanism’— which undertakes the theorization of the megacity and its subaltern spaces and subaltern classes. Of these, the ubiquitous ‘slum’ is the most prominent. Writing against apocalyptic and dystopian narratives of the slum, subaltern urbanism provides accounts of the slum as a terrain of habitation, livelihood, self‐organization and politics. This is a vital and even radical challenge to dominant narratives of the megacity. However, this article is concerned with the limits of and alternatives to subaltern urbanism. It thus highlights emergent analytical strategies, utilizing theoretical categories that transcend the familiar metonyms of underdevelopment such as the megacity, the slum, mass politics and the habitus of the dispossessed. Instead, four categories are discussed — peripheries, urban informality, zones of exception and gray spaces. Informed by the urbanism of the global South, these categories break with ontological and topological understandings of subaltern subjects and subaltern spaces.
Résumé
Intervenant sur les aspects épistémologiques et méthodologiques des études urbaines, cet article cherche à comprendre et à modifier les modalités d'analyse et de représentation des villes des pays du Sud dans la recherche urbaine et, jusqu'à un certain point, dans le discours populaire. Pour ce faire, l'attention est portée sur une formation d'idées, ‘l'urbanisme subalterne', qui vise la conceptualisation de la ‘mégacité', avec ses espaces subalternes et ses classes subalternes. Parmi ceux‐ci, le ‘taudis' (slum) omniprésent est le plus saillant. Contredisant les textes apocalyptiques et dystopiques sur ce lieu, l'urbanisme subalterne apporte des récits du taudis vu comme un cadre d'habitation, de source de revenu, d'auto‐organisation et de réflexion politique. Les écrits explicatifs dominants sur la mégacité sont ainsi mis en question de façon cruciale, voire radicale. Toutefois, l'article s'intéresse aux limites de l'urbanisme subalterne et à ses alternatives. Il met donc en avant des stratégies analytiques nouvelles, avec des catégories théoriques qui transcendent les métonymes habituels du sous‐développement comme mégacité, taudis, politique de masse et habitus des défavorisés. Quatre catégories sont présentées à la place: périphéries, informalité urbaine, zones d'exception et espaces gris. Reposant sur l'urbanisme des pays du Sud, elles dérogent aux conceptions ontologiques et topologiques des sujets subalternes et des espaces subalternes.
Many of the significant urban transformations of the new century are taking place in the developing world. In particular, informality, once associated with poor squatter settlements, is now seen as a ...generalized mode of metropolitan urbanization. This article focuses on urban informality to highlight the challenges of dealing with the "unplannable" exceptions to the order of formal urbanization. It argues that planners must learn to work with this state of exception. Such policy epistemologies are useful not only for "Third World" cities but also more generally for urban planning concerned with distributive justice.
This article uses the case of anti-eviction politics to examine the urban land question. Following the ideas and practices of the Chicago Anti-Eviction Campaign and its global interconnections, it ...traces the potentialities and limits of poor people’s movements as they battle displacement and enact a politics of emplacement. In doing so, it seeks to expand existing understandings of dispossession. Drawing on critical race studies and postcolonial theory, the article pays attention to the relationship between property and personhood in the context of long histories of racial exclusion and colonial domination. It asks: what politics of home and land is possible outside the grid of secure possession and sovereign self? The work of the Chicago Anti-Eviction Campaign points to how various modes of collectivism can be asserted through practices of occupation as well as through global frameworks of human rights. Challenging the secure categories of property and personhood through which liberalism is constituted, such politics is attuned to the present history of racial banishment but is also subject to aspirations of resolution and possession.
Who's Afraid of Postcolonial Theory? Roy, Ananya
International journal of urban and regional research,
01/2016, Volume:
40, Issue:
1
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Recent assertions of urban theory have dismissed the value of postcolonial critique in urban studies. This essay draws on postcolonial theory to demonstrate key flaws in such theoretical ...formulations. In doing so, it returns to the puzzle of how and why studying urbanism in the global South might matter for the reconceptualization of critical urban theory. Instead of a universal grammar of cityness, modified by (exotic) empirical variation, the essay foregrounds forms of theorization that are attentive to historical difference as a fundamental constituent of global urbanization. What is at stake, the essay concludes, is a culture of theory, one that in its Eurocentrism tends to foreclose multiple concepts of the urban and alternative understandings of political economy. A concern with the relationship between place, knowledge and power—a key insight of postcolonial critique—might make possible new practices of theory in urban studies.
This essay takes as its provocation a question posed by the feminist philosopher Nancy Fraser: "What's Critical about Critical Theory?" In urban studies, this question has been usefully reframed by ...Neil Brenner to consider what is critical about critical urban theory. This essay discusses how the "urban" is currently being conceptualized in various worlds of urban studies and what this might mean for the urban question of the current historical conjuncture. Launched from places on the map that are forms of urban government but that have distinctive agrarian histories and rural presents, the essay foregrounds the undecidability of the urban, be it geographies of urbanization or urban politics. What is at stake is a critical urban theory attentive to historical difference as a fundamental constituting process of global political economy and deconstruction as a methodology of generalization and theorization.
The purpose of this article is to analyze the existing literature on the role of identity in mental illness and self-diagnostic behavior among individuals on social media. In this paper, we ...consolidate existing frameworks for illness identity formation based on principles of social contagion and community formation principles to conceptualize abnormal behaviors related to social media use, including Munchausen’s by Internet, mass social media-induced illness, and mass sociogenic illness. The importance of a diagnosis in personal identity formation and ingroup involvement is an emergent theme in this review. Social media communities represent a cultural antithesis of the medical establishment by rejecting healthcare expertise and creating spaces whose membership is only afforded through a psychiatric diagnosis for individuals to participate in shared experiences. Clinical implications of these findings include tools to identify and dismantle harmful self-pathologizing of normal behavioral variants in young adults who present with specific symptomatology.
The fast-paced growth of the Indian economy and particularly its cities has produced an urban crisis, one that is marked by the lack of adequate infrastructure and growth management as well as by ...sharp social divisions that are starkly etched in a landscape of bourgeois enclaves and slums. In this context, there are numerous calls for a more decisive and vigorous type of planning that can 'future-proof' Indian cities. Yet, such efforts are often unsuccessful and many are fiercely challenged by social movements and forms of insurgence. This article explains this urban crisis by analyzing the structure of urban informality in India. While informality is often seen to be synonymous with poverty, this article makes the case that India's planning regime is itself an informalized entity, one that is a state of deregulation, ambiguity, and exception. This idiom of urbanization makes possible new frontiers of development but also creates the territorial impossibility of governance, justice, and development.
Glioblastoma (GBM) has one of the worst 5-year survival rates of all cancers. While genomic studies of the disease have been performed, alterations in the non-coding regulatory regions of GBM have ...largely remained unexplored. We apply whole-genome sequencing (WGS) to identify non-coding mutations, with regulatory potential in GBM, under the hypothesis that regions of evolutionary constraint are likely to be functional, and somatic mutations are likely more damaging than in unconstrained regions.
We validate our GBM cohort, finding similar copy number aberrations and mutated genes based on coding mutations as previous studies. Performing analysis on non-coding constraint mutations and their position relative to nearby genes, we find a significant enrichment of non-coding constraint mutations in the neighborhood of 78 genes that have previously been implicated in GBM. Among them, SEMA3C and DYNC1I1 show the highest frequencies of alterations, with multiple mutations overlapping transcription factor binding sites. We find that a non-coding constraint mutation in the SEMA3C promoter reduces the DNA binding capacity of the region. We also identify 1776 other genes enriched for non-coding constraint mutations with likely regulatory potential, providing additional candidate GBM genes. The mutations in the top four genes, DLX5, DLX6, FOXA1, and ISL1, are distributed over promoters, UTRs, and multiple transcription factor binding sites.
These results suggest that non-coding constraint mutations could play an essential role in GBM, underscoring the need to connect non-coding genomic variation to biological function and disease pathology.
Some studies have linked long-term exposure to traffic related air pollutants (TRAP) with adverse cardiovascular health outcomes; however, previous studies have not linked highly variable ...concentrations of TRAP measured at street-level within neighborhoods to cardiovascular health outcomes.
Long-term pollutant concentrations for nitrogen dioxide NO
, nitric oxide NO, and black carbon BC were obtained by street-level mobile monitoring on 30 m road segments and linked to residential addresses of 41,869 adults living in Oakland during 2010 to 2015. We fit Cox proportional hazard models to estimate the relationship between air pollution exposures and time to first cardiovascular event. Secondary analyses examined effect modification by diabetes and age.
Long-term pollutant concentrations mean, (standard deviation; SD) for NO
, NO and BC were 9.9 ppb (SD 3.8), 4.9 ppb (SD 3.8), and 0.36 μg/m3 (0.17) respectively. A one SD increase in NO
, NO and BC, was associated with a change in risk of a cardiovascular event of 3% (95% confidence interval CI -6% to 12%), 3% (95% CI -5% to 12%), and - 1% (95% CI -8% to 7%), respectively. Among the elderly (≥65 yrs), we found an increased risk of a cardiovascular event of 12% for NO
(95% CI: 2%, 24%), 12% for NO (95% CI: 3%, 22%), and 7% for BC (95% CI: -3%, 17%) per one SD increase. We found no effect modification by diabetes.
Street-level differences in long-term exposure to TRAP were associated with higher risk of cardiovascular events among the elderly, indicating that within-neighborhood differences in TRAP are important to cardiovascular health. Associations among the general population were consistent with results found in previous studies, though not statistically significant.
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