The ABC effect-a puzzling low-mass enhancement in the pipi invariant mass spectrum, first observed by Abashian, Booth, and Crowe-is well known from inclusive measurements of two-pion production in ...nuclear fusion reactions. Here we report on the first exclusive and kinematically complete measurements of the most basic double-pionic fusion reaction pn-->dpi;{0}pi;{0} at beam energies of 1.03 and 1.35 GeV. The measurements, which have been carried out at CELSIUS-WASA, reveal the ABC effect to be a (pipi)_{I=L=0} channel phenomenon associated with both a resonancelike energy dependence in the integral cross section and the formation of a DeltaDelta system in the intermediate state. A corresponding simple s-channel resonance ansatz provides a surprisingly good description of the data.
The High Luminosity LHC requires dipole orbit correctors grouped in double aperture magnet assemblies. They provide a field of 3.1 T at 100 A in an aperture of 70 mm. The current standard design is a ...classical cosine-theta layout made with ribbon cable. However, the electric insulation of this cable is not radiation-resistant enough to withstand the radiation load expected in the coming years of LHC operation. A new design, based on a cable with polyimide insulator, that can replace the existing orbit correctors, is needed. The challenge is to design a magnet that fits directly into the existing positions and that can operate with the same busbars, passive quench protection, and power supplies. The new orbit corrector design meets high requirements on the field quality while keeping within the same mechanical volume and maximum excitation current. A collaboration of Swedish universities and Swedish industry has been formed for the development and production of a prototype magnet following a concurrent engineering methodology to reduce the time needed to produce a CCT magnet. The magnet has a 1 m long CCT dipole layout consisting of two coils. The superconductor is a commercially available 0.33 mm wire with polyimide insulation in a 6-around-1 cable. The channels in the coil formers, that determine the CCT layout, allow for <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">2\times 5</tex-math></inline-formula> cable layers. A total of 70 windings makes that the coil current can be kept below 100 A. We will present the detailed design and preliminary quench simulations.
A newly designed superconducting magnet of the Canted-Cosine-Theta (CCT) type was developed as a result of a collaboration between Swedish universities (Uppsala and Linneaus) and Swedish industries. ...This magnet was designed to function as a replacement of the present LHC orbit corrector magnets, which are approaching their end of life due to the radiation load. As a result, the new CCT magnet was developed to be more radiation tolerant and to constitute a one-to-one replacement to the currently installed version, which is a 1 m long 70 mm double aperture dipole magnet. The final magnet, which is currently under construction, will be tested at FREIA laboratory at Uppsala University and generate a magnetic field of 3.3 T and an integrated field of 2.8 Tm at about 85 A. To examine the magnet quench behavior and to identify a suitable quench protection system, the 3D electro-magnetic and thermal behavior of the coil was modeled using the RAT-Raccoon software. Based on the simulation results, a Metrosil varistor was selected to protect the magnet during the test. In this article, we report the results of the numerical analysis. The magnet model is equipped with a spot heater to initialize the quench and the temperature and voltages are monitored during the avalanche effect. The simulated current decay and the hot-spot temperature are analyzed with a focus on the impact of quench-back on the magnet protection.
A prototype CCT dipole magnet developed by a collaboration between Swedish universities, Swedish industry and CERN will be tested at Uppsala University. This 1 m long double-aperture magnet can ...provide a field strength of 3.3 T at 85 A in a 70 mm aperture with an integrated field of 2.8 Tm. It is intended to replace the current LHC orbit corrector magnets which are reaching the end of their expected life due to the radiation load. The new magnet is designed to handle the radiation dose of the upgrade to the high-luminosity LHC, which will deliver about ten times the current radiation dose. It must therefore be more resistant to radiation and meet strict requirements in terms of electrical insulation while matching the original field quality and self-protective capability, mechanical volume, and maximum excitation current. This paper will present the latest of the design and manufacturing work, including the results of simulations of the mechanical field and the mechanical stress. Details of the various tests performed before machining the parts are also presented.
Spectrometers for RF breakdown studies for CLIC Jacewicz, M.; Ziemann, V.; Ekelöf, T. ...
Nuclear instruments & methods in physics research. Section A, Accelerators, spectrometers, detectors and associated equipment,
08/2016, Volume:
828
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Open access
An e+e− collider of several TeV energy will be needed for the precision studies of any new physics discovered at the LHC collider at CERN. One promising candidate is CLIC, a linear collider which is ...based on a two-beam acceleration scheme that efficiently solves the problem of power distribution to the acceleration structures. The phenomenon that currently prevents achieving high accelerating gradients in high energy accelerators such as the CLIC is the electrical breakdown at very high electrical field. The ongoing experimental work within the CLIC collaboration is trying to benchmark the theoretical models focusing on the physics of vacuum breakdown which is responsible for the discharges. In order to validate the feasibility of accelerating structures and observe the characteristics of the vacuum discharges and their eroding effects on the structure two dedicated spectrometers are now commissioned at the high-power test-stands at CERN.
First, the so called Flashbox has opened up a possibility for non-invasive studies of the emitted breakdown currents during two-beam acceleration experiments. It gives a unique possibility to measure the energy of electrons and ions in combination with the arrival time spectra and to put that in context with accelerated beam, which is not possible at any of the other existing test-stands.
The second instrument, a spectrometer for detection of the dark and breakdown currents, is operated at one of the 12GHz stand-alone test-stands at CERN. Built for high repetition rate operation it can measure the spatial and energy distributions of the electrons emitted from the acceleration structure during a single RF pulse. Two new analysis tools: discharge impedance tracking and tomographic image reconstruction, applied to the data from the spectrometer make possible for the first time to obtain the location of the breakdown inside the structure both in the transversal and longitudinal direction thus giving a more complete picture of the vacuum breakdown phenomenon.
The two-pion production in pp-collisions has been investigated at CELSIUS in exclusive measurements from threshold up to Tp=1.36 GeV. Total and differential cross sections have been obtained for the ...channels pnπ+π0, ppπ+π−, ppπ0π0 and also nnπ+π+. For intermediate incident energies Tp>1 GeV, i.e. in the region which is beyond the Roper excitation but at the onset of ΔΔ excitation, the total ppπ0π0 cross section falls behind theoretical predictions by as much as an order of magnitude near 1.2 GeV, whereas the nnπ+π+ cross section is a factor of five larger than predicted. An isospin decomposition of the total cross sections exhibits a s-channel-like energy dependence in the region of the Roper excitation as well as a significant contribution of an isospin 3/2 resonance other than the Δ(1232). As possible candidates the Δ(1600) and the Δ(1700) are discussed.
We propose a method to fully determine the transverse beam matrix using a simple setup consisting of two steering magnets, an octupole field and a screen. This works in principle for any multipole ...field, i.e., sextupole, octupole magnet or a radio frequency structure with a multipole field. We have experimentally verified the method at the Compact Linear Collider Test Facility 3 at CERN using a Compact Linear Collider accelerating structure, which has an octupole component of the radio frequency fields. By observing the position shifts of the beam centroid together with changes in transverse beam size on a screen, we determined the full transverse beam matrix, with all correlations.
A compact single-stage 8-1 Gysel Combiner in planar technology for operation with 352-MHz pulses with peak output power of 10 kW has been designed, manufactured, and tested. The module has 0.2-dB ...insertion loss when operated at nominal power, and the return loss of all ports is 20 dB or better. The module was operated using 3.3-ms pulses at 14-Hz repetition rate without any signs of degradation, thermal heating, or arcing. The new design makes use of inclusions of weakly coupled lines in the common point section of the Gysel combiner. It is possible to adjust port imbalances caused by parasitic line coupling in the system for optimum performance at a given frequency by adjusting the coupling.
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