A
bstract
The relic density of TeV-scale wino-like neutralino dark matter in the MSSM is subject to potentially large corrections as a result of the Sommerfeld effect. A recently developed framework ...enables us to calculate the Sommerfeld-enhanced relic density in general MSSM scenarios, properly treating mixed states and multiple co-annihilating channels as well as including off-diagonal contributions. Using this framework, including on-shell one-loop mass splittings and running couplings and taking into account the latest experimental constraints, we perform a thorough study of the regions of parameter space surrounding the well known pure-wino scenario: namely the effect of sfermion masses being non-decoupled and of allowing non-negligible Higgsino or bino components in the lightest neutralino. We further perform an investigation into the effect of thermal corrections and show that these can safely be neglected. The results reveal a number of phenomenologically interesting but so far unexplored regions where the Sommerfeld effect is sizeable. We find, in particular, that the relic density can agree with experiment for dominantly wino neutralino dark matter with masses ranging from 1.7 to beyond 4 TeV. In light of these results the bounds from Indirect Detection on wino-like dark matter should be revisited.
A
bstract
We delineate the allowed parameter and mass range for a wino-like dark matter particle containing some Higgsino admixture in the MSSM by analysing the constraints from diffuse gamma-rays ...from the dwarf spheroidal galaxies, galactic cosmic rays, direct detection and cosmic microwave background anisotropies. A complete calculation of the Sommerfeld effect for the mixed-neutralino case is performed. We find that the combination of direct and indirect searches poses significant restrictions on the thermally produced wino-Higgsino dark matter with correct relic density. For
μ >
0 nearly the entire parameter space considered is excluded, while for
μ <
0 a substantial region is still allowed, provided conservative assumptions on astrophysical uncertainties are adopted.
Farmland abandonment in Europe is a major problem because of environmental, socioeconomic and landscape implications. In this paper, a general view of the extent of abandoned land, the stages of ...abandonment and the drivers that manage this process in Europe is presented. A scientific literature review shows an abandonment at the beginning of the 19th century, although the largest abandonment in terms of area took place in the mid-20th century. This abandonment had a far greater impact on mountain areas because of rural depopulation as well as biophysical constraints. Since the last decades of the 20th century, abandonment driven by the CAP in European Member States and by the end of the communist regime in Central and Eastern Europe has been taking place. This abandonment affects peripheral marginal areas due to biophysical or socioeconomic conditions. Semi-arid areas in Southern Europe have also seen an important extent of abandoned land over the last few decades. The literature draws on the ongoing abandonment from the following decades, and 3–4% of current farmland is considered to be affected.
It is noted that, among the drivers, external factors (migration, socioeconomic model, public policies, etc.) act as enhancers that emphasize land abandonment. However, internal causes (agro-ecological and socioeconomic factors and also the features of agricultural holdings) control the dynamics and the extent of this phenomenon. The international literature about land abandonment in Europe is vast, and most of the specialized production is devoted to the effects of land abandonment, while few works determine the extent, stages and drivers of land abandonment. Finally, it is necessary to review the grey literature to obtain more quantitative information on the amount of abandoned land in Europe.
•European farm abandonment process is summarized in this paper.•The main stages are related to the collapse of mountain societies, the CAP and post-socialism.•Land use change scenarios forecast land abandonment in the following decades.•Land abandonment drivers may be natural/spontaneous or stimulated by public policies.•The study of land abandonment drivers is complicated at large spatial scales because of the role of local factors.
Background
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients are at increased risk of insulin resistance (IR); however, the specific mechanisms mediating this association are currently unknown.
Objective
To ...investigate whether the inflammatory activity associated with RA accounts for the observed defective glucose metabolism and lipid metabolism in these patients.
Methods
We followed two main strategies: (i) extensive metabolic profiling of a RA cohort of 100 patients and 50 healthy control subjects and (ii) mechanistic studies carried out in both a collagen‐induced arthritis mouse model and 3T3‐L1 adipocytes treated with conditioned serum from RA patients.
Results
Following the exclusion of obese and diabetic subjects, data from RA patients demonstrated a strong link between the degree of systemic inflammation and the development of IR. These results were strengthened by the observation that induction of arthritis in mice resulted in a global inflammatory state characterized by defective carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in different tissues. Adipose tissue was most susceptible to the RA‐induced metabolic alterations. These metabolic effects were confirmed in adipocytes treated with serum from RA patients.
Conclusions
Our results show that the metabolic disturbances associated with RA depend on the degree of inflammation and identify inflammation of adipose tissue as the initial target leading to IR and the associated molecular disorders of carbohydrate and lipid homeostasis. Thus, we anticipate that therapeutic strategies based on tighter control of inflammation and flares could provide promising approaches to normalize and/or prevent metabolic alterations associated with RA.
A
bstract
This paper concludes the presentation of the non-relativistic effective field theory formalism designed to calculate the radiative corrections that enhance the pair-annihilation cross ...sections of slowly moving neutralinos and charginos within the general minimal supersymmetric standard model (MSSM). While papers I and II focused on the computation of the tree-level annihilation rates that feed into the short-distance part, here we describe in detail the method to obtain the Sommerfeld factors that contain the enhanced long-distance corrections. This includes the computation of the potential interactions in the MSSM, which are provided in compact analytic form, and a novel solution of the multi-state Schrödinger equation that is free from the numerical instabilities generated by large mass splittings between the scattering states. Our results allow for a precise computation of the MSSM neutralino dark matter relic abundance and pair-annihilation rates in the present Universe, when Sommerfeld enhancements are important.
Abstract Introduction In Parkinson's disease patients, impulse control disorders (ICDs) have been associated with younger age and early disease onset, yet the prevalence of ICDs in early-onset ...Parkinson's disease (EOPD) patients has yet to be studied. Thus, we set out to compare the prevalence of impulse control behaviors (ICBs) in a cohort of EOPD patients with that in age and gender matched healthy controls (HCs), as well as to analyze the association of these symptoms with the use of dopaminergic drugs and other clinical or demographic factors. Methods A cross-sectional, multicenter study was carried out on patients recruited from outpatient Movement Disorder Clinics, assessing ICBs using the short form of the Questionnaire for Impulsive-Compulsive Disorders in Parkinson's Disease (QUIP). In addition, depression and quality of life (QoL) were measured, along with other demographic and clinical variables. Results Of the 87 EOPD patients, 49 (58.3%) displayed an ICB, as did 28 of the 87 HCs (32.9%; p = 0.001). Most of the EOPD patients that displayed an ICB (91.8%) were medicated with a dopamine agonist (DA) and accordingly, DA treatment was associated with a 7-fold increased risk of developing an ICB. Patients with ICBs had a higher depression score and a worse QoL. Conclusions ICBs are much more prevalent in EOPD patients than in HCs and they are associated with DA intake, depression and a worse QoL.
Climate change has significant impacts on the distribution of species and alters ecological processes that result from species interactions. There is concern that such distribution shifts will affect ...animal-plant pollination networks. We modelled the potential future (2050 and 2070) distribution of an endangered migratory bat species (Leptonycteris nivalis) and the plants they pollinate (Agave spp) during their annual migration from central Mexico to the southern United States. Our models show that the overlap between the Agave and the endangered pollinating bat will be reduced by at least 75%. The reduction of suitable areas for Agave species will restrict the foraging resources available for the endangered bat, threatening the survival of its populations and the maintenance of their pollination service. The potential extinction of the bat L. nivalis will likely have negative effects on the sexual reproduction and genetic variability of Agave plants increasing their vulnerability to future environmental changes.
Agricultural terraces are common in mountain regions. They are built to provide a larger surface area for cultivation on hillslopes and to aid farming production in the long term. This paper reviews ...the hydrological and geomorphological behaviour of constructing, working on and abandoning farming terraces based on recent scientific papers (1982–2014).
Terraces increase infiltration and reduce runoff. In Mediterranean areas, the runoff coefficient on abandoned terraces is between 20% and 40%, depending on the percentage of plant cover or the amount of grazing. On cultivated terraces in warm, humid climates, the coefficients are lower (10%–25%). The internal and external sections of terraces have hydrological differences. Soil saturation is reached faster in the inner parts of terraces with shallower soil, causing a rapid hydrological response (saturation runoff); high infiltration rates in external sections can generate subsurface runoff. Furthermore, a reduction in hydrological connectivity, which affects the contributing areas and peak flows, is to be expected in terraced catchments.
Collapsed stone walls, small mass movements, sheet wash erosion, piping, rills, gullies and debris flows are all found in terraced landscapes. The erosion of abandoned terraces is directly related to the amount of plant cover, soil characteristics, environmental conditions and the abandonment age. On this type of terrace, the rates of erosion due to overland flow are less than 3tha−1yr−1. The rate increases if the terrace is affected by mass movements, pipes or gullies (more than 100tha−1yr−1). On cultivated terraces, erosion rates less than 1tha−1yr−1 have been recorded for rice crops, and erosion rates greater than 80tha−1yr−1 have been recorded for cassava or terraces with bare soil.
The scientific literature notes that the soil loss from cultivated slopes is greater if conservation measures, such as terraces, are not included. However, this general result may vary significantly due to factors related to the geo-environmental characteristics of the region and, in particular, the management and use of the terraced slopes.
•We discuss the hydrological and geomorphological behaviour of farming terraces.•The results from 65 papers published in international journals were analysed.•The terraces increase infiltration rates and reduce runoff.•The bibliography notes that soil loss is much higher if terraces are not built.•This approach may undergo changes due to geo-environmental factors and to the use of the terraces.
To describe what is known about the national prevalence of intimate partner violence (IPV) against women in the Americas across countries and over time, including the geographic coverage, quality, ...and comparability of national data.
This was a systematic review and reanalysis of national, population-based IPV estimates from 1998 - 2017 in the Americas. Estimates were reanalyzed for comparability or extracted from reports, including IPV prevalence by type (physical; sexual; physical and/or sexual), timeframe (ever; past year), and perpetrator (any partner in life; current/most recent partner). In countries with 3+ rounds of data, Cochran-Armitage and Pearson chi-square tests were used to assess whether changes over time were significant (
0.05).
Eligible surveys were found in 24 countries. Women reported ever having experienced physical and/or sexual IPV at rates that ranged from 14% - 17% of women in Brazil, Panama, and Uruguay to over one-half (58.5%) in Bolivia. Past-year prevalence of physical and/or sexual IPV ranged from 1.1% in Canada to 27.1% in Bolivia. Preliminary evidence suggests a possible decline in reported prevalence of certain types of IPV in eight countries; however, some changes were small, some indicators did not change significantly, and a significant increase was found in the reported prevalence of past-year physical IPV in the Dominican Republic.
IPV against women remains a public health and human rights problem across the Americas; however, the evidence base has gaps, suggesting a need for more comparable, high quality evidence for mobilizing and monitoring violence prevention and response.
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