•The mechanism of entrainment and its effects in flotation are discussed.•Methods for the quantification of entrainment are reviewed.•Current entrainment models lack predictive capacity.•An ...entrainment model incorporating the effect of major contributing factors is desirable.
This paper reviews the recovery by entrainment in froth flotation. In flotation, entrainment is a mechanical mass transfer process by which particles suspended in the water between bubbles enter the flotation froth from the top pulp region and are transferred to the concentrate. Both hydrophobic and hydrophilic mineral particles suspended in water can experience entrainment. In this paper, the mechanisms of entrainment are reviewed. The essential factors affecting entrainment are also discussed. The methods for the quantification of entrainment are identified. Entrainment models presented in the literature are reviewed with the aim of identifying their significance and usefulness in industrial applications. There is a need to develop a more general model of entrainment since the current models available cannot be used to predict entrainment at a changed operating or feed condition.
In froth flotation, the degree of entrainment affects the concentrate grade and it is often assumed to be only a function of particle size in models. Literature suggests that other variables might ...also have a significant impact on the degree of entrainment. In this study, a factorial batch flotation experiment using a mixture of liberated chalcopyrite and two liberated gangue minerals, quartz and hematite, was performed to investigate the effects of these other variables (including impeller speed, gas flow rate, froth height and the specific gravity of gangue mineral) on the degree of entrainment. Results show that the degree of entrainment varied significantly as the flotation test conditions changed. Particle density and the interaction between gas flow rate and froth height had a statistically significant effect on the average degree of entrainment measured for the entire test. The degree of entrainment also significantly changed with flotation time throughout each experiment. It is hypothesised that these effects are a consequence of the degree of entrainment being affected by the weight of particles (not just their size) because of its effect on particle settling as well as the froth structure which provides varying resistance to particle drainage. It is concluded that models for the degree of entrainment that incorporate only particle size are not sufficient to predict gangue recovery and concentrate grade in an industrial application.
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•Particle density is of great importance in affecting the degree of entrainment.•The relative drainage of solids to water is not residence time dependent in froth.•Frother dosage significantly affects entrained solids to water ratio.
Neonates are at high risk for central line associated bloodstream infections (CLABSI). Biofilm formation is universal on indwelling catheters but why some biofilms seed the bloodstream to cause ...CLABSI is not clearly understood. With the objective to test the hypothesis that catheter biofilm microbiome in neonates with CLABSI differs than those without infection, we prospectively enrolled neonates (n = 30) with infected and uninfected indwelling central catheters. Catheters were collected at the time of removal, along with blood samples and skin swabs at the catheter insertion sites. Microbiomes of catheter biofilms, skin swabs and blood were evaluated by profiling the V4 region of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene using Illumina MiSeq sequencing platform. The microbial DNA load was higher from catheter biofilms of CLABSI patients without differences in alpha diversity when compared to that of the non-CLABSI neonates. Proteus and unclassified Staphylococcaceae were more abundant in infected catheter biofilms while Bradyrhizobium, Cloacibacterium, and Sphingomonas were more abundant in the uninfected catheters. A blood microbiome was detected in uninfected samples. The blood microbiome in CLABSI neonates clustered separately from the uninfected blood samples in beta diversity plots. We found that the microbiome signature in catheter biofilm and blood of neonates with CLABSI is different than the microbiomes of non-CLABSI neonates.
We present photometric and spectroscopic observations of SN 2007if, an overluminous (M_V = -20.4), red (B-V = 0.16 at B-band maximum), slow-rising (t_rise = 24 days) type Ia supernova in a very faint ...(M_g = -14.10) host galaxy. A spectrum at 5 days past B-band maximum light is a direct match to the super-Chandrasekhar-mass candidate SN Ia 2003fg, showing Si II and C II at ~9000 km/s. A high signal-to-noise co-addition of the SN spectral time series reveals no Na I D absorption, suggesting negligible reddening in the host galaxy, and the late-time color evolution has the same slope as the Lira relation for normal SNe Ia. The ejecta appear to be well mixed, with no strong maximum in I-band and a diversity of iron-peak lines appearing in near-maximum-light spectra. SN2007 if also displays a plateau in the Si II velocity extending as late as +10 days, which we interpret as evidence for an overdense shell in the SN ejecta. We calculate the bolometric light curve of the SN and use it and the \ion{Si}{2} velocity evolution to constrain the mass of the shell and the underlying SN ejecta, and demonstrate that SN2007 if is strongly inconsistent with a Chandrasekhar-mass scenario. Within the context of a "tamped detonation" model appropriate for double-degenerate mergers, and assuming no host extinction, we estimate the total mass of the system to be 2.4 +/- 0.2 solar masses, with 1.6 +/- 0.1 solar masses of nickel-56 and with 0.3-0.5 solar masses in the form of an envelope of unburned carbon/oxygen. Our modeling demonstrates that the kinematics of shell entrainment provide a more efficient mechanism than incomplete nuclear burning for producing the low velocities typical of super-Chandrasekhar-mass SNeIa.
Using experiments and theory, we investigate the behavior of nonlinear acoustic modes in a physical system composed of an array of three coupled acoustic waveguides, two of which are externally ...driven with two different frequencies. Nonlinear modes with frequency given by linear combinations of the driving frequencies are realizations of so-called logical phi-bits. A phi-bit is a two-state degree of freedom of an acoustic wave, which can be in a coherent superposition of states with complex amplitude coefficients, i.e., a qubit analogue. We demonstrate experimentally that phi-bit modes are supported in the array of waveguides. Using perturbation theory, we show that phi-bits may result from the intrinsic nonlinearity of the material used to couple the waveguides. We have also isolated possible effects on phi-bit states associated with the systems' electronics, transducers and ultrasonic coupling agents used to probe the array and that may introduce extrinsic nonlinearities. These extrinsic effects are shown to be easily separable from the intrinsic behavior. The intrinsic behavior includes sharp jumps in phi-bit phases occurring over very narrow ranges of driving frequency. These jumps may also exhibit hysteretic behavior dependent on the direction of driving frequency tuning. The intrinsic states of phi-bits and multiple nonlinearly correlated phi-bits may serve as foundation for robust and practical quantum-analogue information technologies.
Hidden order may arise in strongly correlated systems even if there is an apparent lack of long-range order as measured by local order parameters. This phenomenon has been essentially associated with ...topological order in quantum systems. Here, we demonstrate the emergence of hidden order in a 1D non-linear classical mechanical system that supports rotational degrees of freedom. The potential energy of the model system creates a bistable system for which hidden order emerges with the introduction of a biquadratic term. To our surprise, we discover that varying the strength of the biquadratic term leads to four distinct phases quantified by the behaviors of the Néel and string order parameters. Three of these phases are locally disordered. Hidden order is identified by a string order parameter that shows correlations with significantly longer range than the Néel order parameter. The hidden order correlation length diverges as the kinetic energy of the system is lowered with a critical exponent ~0.5. The observation of hidden order in a mechanical system reveals that instability and non-linearity may play critical roles in the generation of nonlocal long-range correlations in apparently locally disordered systems.
Gastrointestinal problems affect the health and quality of life of individuals with Rett syndrome (RTT) and pose a medical hardship for their caregivers. We hypothesized that the variability in the ...RTT phenotype contributes to the dysbiosis of the gut microbiome and metabolome in RTT, predisposing these individuals to gastrointestinal dysfunction.
We characterized the gut bacterial microbiome and metabolome in girls and young women with RTT (n = 44) and unaffected controls (n = 21), and examined the relation between the composition of the microbiome and variations in the RTT phenotype.
Demographics and clinical information, including growth and anthropometric measurements, pubertal status, symptoms, clinical severity score, bowel movement, medication use, and dietary intakes were collected from the participants. Fecal samples were collected for analysis of the gut microbiome using Illumina MiSeq-based next-generation sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene followed by bioinformatics analysis of microbial composition, diversity, and community structure. Selected end-products of microbial protein metabolism were characterized by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry.
The gut bacterial microbiome differed within the RTT cohort based on pubertal status (p<0.02) and clinical severity scores (p<0.02) of the individuals and the type of diet (p<0.01) consumed. Although the composition of the gut microbiome did not differ between RTT and unaffected individuals, concentrations of protein end-products of the gut bacterial metabolome, including γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) (p<0.001), tyrosine (p<0.02), and glutamate (p<0.06), were lower in the RTT cohort. Differences in the microbiome within RTT groups, based on symptomatic anxiety, hyperventilation, abdominal distention, or changes in stool frequency and consistency, were not detected.
Although variability in the RTT phenotype contributes to the dysbiosis of the gut microbiome, we presently cannot infer causality between gut bacterial dysbiosis and gastrointestinal dysfunction. Nevertheless, alterations in the gut metabolome may provide clues to the pathophysiology of gastrointestinal problems in RTT.
Background
Optic neuritis (ON) is the most prevalent manifestation of pediatric multiple sclerosis (MS
ped
) and myelin-oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease (MOGAD
ped
) in ...children > 6 years. In this study, we investigated retinal atrophy patterns and diagnostic accuracy of optical coherence tomography (OCT) in differentiating between both diseases after the first ON episode.
Methods
Patients were retrospectively identified in eight tertial referral centers. OCT, VEP and high/low-contrast visual acuity (HCVA/LCVA) have been investigated > 6 months after the first ON. Prevalence of pathological OCT findings was identified based on data of 144 age-matched healthy controls.
Results
Thirteen MOGAD
ped
(10.7 ± 4.2 years, F:M 8:5, 21 ON eyes) and 21 MS
ped
(14.3 ± 2.4 years, F:M 19:2, 24 ON eyes) patients were recruited. We observed a significantly more profound atrophy of both peripapillary and macular retinal nerve fiber layer in MOGAD
ped
compared to MS
ped
(pRNFL global: 68.2 ± 16.9 vs. 89.4 ± 12.3 µm,
p
< 0.001; mRNFL: 0.12 ± 0.01 vs. 0.14 ± 0.01 mm
3
,
p
< 0.001). Neither other macular layers nor P100 latency differed. MOGAD
ped
developed global atrophy affecting all peripapillary segments, while MS
ped
displayed predominantly temporal thinning. Nasal pRNFL allowed differentiation between both diseases with the highest diagnostic accuracy (AUC = 0.902, cutoff < 62.5 µm, 90.5% sensitivity and 70.8% specificity for MOGAD
ped
). OCT was also substantially more sensitive compared to VEP in identification of ON eyes in MOGAD (pathological findings in 90% vs. 14%,
p
= 0.016).
Conclusion
First MOGAD-ON results in a more severe global peripapillary atrophy compared to predominantly temporal thinning in MS-ON. Nasal pRNFL allows differentiation between both diseases with the highest accuracy, supporting the additional diagnostic value of OCT in children with ON.
We present a new atmospheric extinction curve for Mauna Kea spanning 3200–9700 Å. It is the most comprehensive to date, being based on some 4285 standard star spectra obtained on 478 nights spread ...over a period of 7 years obtained by the Nearby SuperNova Factory using the SuperNova Integral Field Spectrograph. This mean curve and its dispersion can be used as an aid in calibrating spectroscopic or imaging data from Mauna Kea, and in estimating the calibration uncertainty associated with the use of a mean extinction curve. Our method for decomposing the extinction curve into physical components, and the ability to determine the chromatic portion of the extinction even on cloudy nights, is described and verified over the wide range of conditions sampled by our large dataset. We demonstrate good agreement with atmospheric science data obtain at nearby Mauna Loa Observatory, and with previously published measurements of the extinction above Mauna Kea.
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