Functional studies show that our brain has a remarkable ability to reorganize itself in the absence of one or more sensory modalities. In this review, we gathered all the available articles ...investigating structural alterations in congenitally deaf subjects. Some concentrated only on specific regions of interest (e.g., auditory areas), while others examined the whole brain. The majority of structural alterations were observed in the auditory white matter and were more pronounced in the right hemisphere. A decreased white matter volume or fractional anisotropy in the auditory areas were the most common findings in congenitally deaf subjects. Only a few studies observed alterations in the auditory grey matter. Preservation of the grey matter might be due to the cross-modal plasticity as well as due to the lack of sensitivity of methods used for microstructural alterations of grey matter. Structural alterations were also observed in the frontal, visual, and other cerebral regions as well as in the cerebellum. The observed structural brain alterations in the deaf can probably be attributed mainly to the cross-modal plasticity in the absence of sound input and use of sign instead of spoken language.
•Most consistent alteration across studies is altered white matter in core auditory areas.•Auditory grey matter macrostructure is mostly preserved in prelingually deaf.•Observed alterations of the auditory grey matter are inconsistent.•Deaf have structural brain alterations also in frontal, visual and other brain areas.•Absence of auditory input and use of sign language affects brain structure in deaf.
Glucagon-like peptide-1, a matter of taste? Jensterle, Mojca; DeVries, J. Hans; Battelino, Tadej ...
Reviews in endocrine & metabolic disorders,
12/2021, Volume:
22, Issue:
4
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Understanding of gustatory coding helps to predict, and perhaps even modulate the ingestive decision circuitry, especially when eating behaviour becomes dysfunctional. Preclinical research ...demonstrated that glucagon like peptide 1 (GLP-1) is locally synthesized in taste bud cells in the tongue and that GLP-1 receptor exists on the gustatory nerves in close proximity to GLP-1 containing taste bud cells. In humans, the tongue has not yet been addressed as clinically relevant target for GLP-1 based therapies. The primary aim of the current review was to elaborate on the role of GLP- 1 in mammalian gustatory system, in particular in the perception of sweet. Secondly, we aimed to explore what modulates gustatory coding and whether the GLP-1 based therapies might be involved in regulation of taste perception. We performed a series of PubMed, Medline and Embase databases systemic searches. The Population-Intervention-Comparison-Outcome (PICO) framework was used to identify interventional studies. Based on the available data, GLP-1 is specifically involved in the perception of sweet. Aging, diabetes and obesity are characterized by diminished taste and sweet perception. Calorie restriction and bariatric surgery are associated with a diminished appreciation of sweet food. GLP-1 receptor agonists (RAs) modulate food preference, yet its modulatory potential in gustatory coding is currently unknown. Future studies should explore whether GLP-1 RAs modulate taste perception to the extent that changes of food preference and consumption ensue.
The aim of the study was to identify the value of extensive resection and reconstruction with flaps in the treatment of locoregionally advanced lateral skull-base cancer.
The retrospective case ...review of patients with lateral skull-base cancer treated surgically with curative intent between 2011 and 2019 at a tertiary otorhinolaryngology referral centre was made.
Twelve patients with locoregionally advanced cancer were analysed. Lateral temporal bone resection was performed in nine (75.0%), partial parotidectomy in six (50.0%), total parotidectomy in one (8.3%), ipsilateral selective neck dissection in eight (66.7%) and ipsilateral modified radical neck dissection in one patient (8.3%). The defect was reconstructed with anterolateral thigh free flap, radial forearm free flap or
myocutaneous flap in two patients (17.0%) each. Mean overall survival was 3.1 years (SD = 2.5) and cancer-free survival rate 100%. At the data collection cut-off, 83% of analysed patients and 100% of patients with flap reconstruction were alive.
Favourable local control in lateral skull-base cancer, which mainly involves temporal bone is achieved with an extensive locoregional resection followed by free or regional flap reconstruction. Universal cancer registry should be considered in centres treating this rare disease to alleviate analysis and multicentric research.
Abstract
Background
Preclinical studies demonstrated that glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) is locally synthesized in taste bud cells and that GLP-1 receptor exists on the gustatory nerves in close ...proximity to GLP-1-containing taste bud cells. This local paracrine GLP-1 signalling seems to be specifically involved in the perception of sweets. However, the role of GLP-1 in taste perception remains largely unaddressed in clinical studies. Whether any weight-reducing effects of GLP-1 receptor agonists are mediated through the modulation of taste perception is currently unknown.
Methods and analysis
This is an investigator-initiated, randomized single-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. We will enrol 30 women with obesity and polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Participants will be randomized in a 1:1 ratio to either semaglutide 1.0 mg or placebo for 16 weeks. The primary endpoints are alteration of transcriptomic profile of tongue tissue as changes in expression level from baseline to follow-up after 16 weeks of treatment, measured by RNA sequencing, and change in taste sensitivity as detected by chemical gustometry. Secondary endpoints include change in neural response to visual food cues and to sweet-tasting substances as assessed by functional MRI, change in body weight, change in fat mass and change in eating behaviour and food intake.
Discussion
This is the first study to investigate the role of semaglutide on taste perception, along with a neural response to visual food cues in reward processing regions. The study may identify the tongue and the taste perception as a novel target for GLP-1 receptor agonists.
Ethics and disseminations
The study has been approved by the Slovene National Medical Ethics Committee and will be conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and Good Clinical Practice guidelines. Results will be submitted for publication in an international peer-reviewed scientific journal.
Trial registration
ClinicalTrials.gov
NCT04263415
. Retrospectively registered on 10 February 2020
Usher syndrome (USH), the most prevalent cause of hereditary deafness-blindness, is an autosomal recessive and genetically heterogeneous disorder. Three clinical subtypes (USH1-3) are distinguishable ...based on the severity of the sensorineural hearing impairment, the presence or absence of vestibular dysfunction, and the age of onset of the retinitis pigmentosa. A total of 10 causal genes, 6 for USH1, 3 for USH2, and 1 for USH3, and an USH2 modifier gene, have been identified. A robust molecular diagnosis is required not only to improve genetic counseling, but also to advance gene therapy in USH patients. Here, we present an improved diagnostic strategy that is both cost- and time-effective. It relies on the sequential use of three different techniques to analyze selected genomic regions: targeted exome sequencing, comparative genome hybridization, and quantitative exon amplification. We screened a large cohort of 427 patients (139 USH1, 282 USH2, and six of undefined clinical subtype) from various European medical centers for mutations in all USH genes and the modifier gene. We identified a total of 421 different sequence variants predicted to be pathogenic, about half of which had not been previously reported. Remarkably, we detected large genomic rearrangements, most of which were novel and unique, in 9% of the patients. Thus, our strategy led to the identification of biallelic and monoallelic mutations in 92.7% and 5.8% of the USH patients, respectively. With an overall 98.5% mutation characterization rate, the diagnosis efficiency was substantially improved compared with previously reported methods.
The structural development of the vestibular part of the inner ear is completed by birth but its central connections continue to develop until adolescence. Their development is dependent on ...vestibular stimulation-vestibular experience. Studies have shown that vestibular function, modulated by experience and epigenetic factors, is not solely an instrument for body position regulation, navigation, and stabilization of the head and images but also influences cognition, emotion, the autonomous nervous system and hormones. To emphasize the importance of appropriate vestibular stimulation, we present a literature review of its effect on bodily homeostasis, cognition and emotion.
The preparation of autologous platelet and extracellular vesicle-rich plasma (PVRP) has been explored in many medical fields with the aim to benefit from its healing potential. In parallel, efforts ...are being invested to understand the function and dynamics of PVRP that is complex in its composition and interactions. Some clinical evidence reveals beneficial effects of PVRP, while some report that there were no effects. To optimize the preparation methods, functions and mechanisms of PVRP, its constituents should be better understood. With the intention to promote further studies of autologous therapeutic PVRP, we performed a review on some topics regarding PVRP composition, harvesting, assessment and preservation, and also on clinical experience following PVRP application in humans and animals. Besides the acknowledged actions of platelets, leukocytes and different molecules, we focus on extracellular vesicles that were found abundant in PVRP.
ObjectiveHearing impairments (HIs) that progress or have later onset may have specific effects on language and cognitive development, but are difficult to suspect during routine primary care visits. ...Family concern regarding hearing is thought to represent an important risk factor requiring audiological examination. Yet it is not clear how successful parents are in recognising the consequences or specific suspect elements of HI in young children. The aim of this study is to verify whether parents of at-risk children recognise the presence of HI through a parental questionnaire that draws attention to auditory skills development and compares them with language and communication skills.DesignObservational study.SettingFrom 2013 to 2019, parents were administered the Questionnaire on Hearing and Communication Abilities before audiological evaluation of their children at a secondary care institute.Participants309 Italian children (1–36 months old) at risk of HI.Primary and secondary outcome measuresQuestionnaire sensitivity in predicting the presence and type of HI.ResultsParents report a decrease in auditory skills for children with sensorineural HI (Χ2(2)=14.4, p=0.003), with an increased concern expressed in 59% compared with 24% in normally hearing children. Both auditory (r=−0.18, p=0.002) and comprehension (r=−0.13, p=0.057) skills weakly but negatively correlated with a diagnosis of HI. On discriminant analysis, the positive predictive value of the questionnaire was 0.78, but with low sensitivity (0.39).ConclusionsParents of children with a verified risk of HI have some capacity to recognise non-typical auditory behaviour. Thus, it is important to assess parental concerns during primary care health visits, and a targeted questionnaire on auditory abilities can complement existing screening procedures. However, given the low sensitivity of the questionnaire, we conclude that for a reliable detection of HIs that progress or have later onset an objective screening tool is always required.
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