•Factor analysis was used to differentiate three A. subrufescens mushroom strains.•The A. subrufescens Brazilian strain presented higher amounts of fibre and protein.•All A. subrufescens strains were ...chemically influenced by the supplementation used.•Antioxidant compounds increased in A. subrufescens with handmade supplementation.•Agro-waste supplements are viable alternatives to the use of commercial ones.
Exploratory factor analysis was applied to determine the chemical differences between fruitbodies of three Agaricus subrufescens mushroom strains from Japan (JP), Brazil (ABZ), and Belgium (T2) grown with handmade and commercial supplements. The composition of the ABZ strain cultivated with agro-industrial waste supplement presented a high nutritional composition regarding the amounts of fibre and protein, similar to mushrooms cultivated with the commercial supplement. The chromatographic fingerprints obtained for T2 and JP strains grown with commercial supplements presented similar profiles compared to those cultivated with the supplement based on peanut and the mix of supplements. The chromatographic analysis also showed that the similarities are correlated with the relative abundance of antioxidant compounds annotated by HPLC-MS, such as vanillic acid deoxyhexoside, caffeic acid hexoside, catechin hexosemalonate, digallic acid, cinnamic acid derivative, and p-coumaroylmalic acid. This study showed that handmade supplements based on agro-industrial waste could be viable alternatives for replacing high-cost supplements.
Eight phenolic compounds were isolated from Eugenia pyriformis leaves fraction by semi-preparative HPLC and characterized by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) and mass spectrometry (ESI-MS). Five ...compounds were isolated and identified for the first time in E. pyriformis species, while this is the first report of the accumulation of isoquercitrin, quercitrin, and the aglycone quercetin in its leaves. E. pyriformis leaves and fruits extracts, as well as the compounds isolated from the leaves most active fraction, were evaluated for their antiglycation and antioxidant activities. The mixture of myricetin-3-O-(2″-O-galloyl)-α-L-rhamnoside and myricetin-3-O-(4″-O-galloyl)-α-L-rhamnoside showed the highest antiglycation activity. These results suggest that this species is a promising source of bioactive compounds. Further studies to investigate the inhibition of the glycation process in vivo are necessary to evaluate its use in the treatment and/or prevention of advanced glycation end-products (AGEs)-associated diseases.
The metabolic response of Coffea arabica trees in the face of the rising atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide (CO2) combined with the reduction in soil-water availability is complex due to the ...various (bio)chemical feedbacks. Modern analytical tools and the experimental advance of agronomic science tend to advance in the understanding of the metabolic complexity of plants. In this work, Coffea arabica trees were grown in a Free-Air Carbon Dioxide Enrichment dispositive under factorial design (22) conditions considering two CO2 levels and two soil-water availabilities. The 1H NMR mixture design-fingerprinting effects of CO2 and soil-water levels on beans were strategically investigated using the principal component analysis (PCA), analysis of variance (ANOVA) - simultaneous component analysis (ASCA) and partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA). From the ASCA, the CO2 factor had a significant effect on changing the 1H NMR profile of fingerprints. The soil-water factor and interaction (CO2 × soil-water) were not significant. 1H NMR fingerprints with PCA, ASCA and PLS-DA analysis determined spectral profiles for fatty acids, caffeine, trigonelline and glucose increases in beans from current CO2, while quinic acid/chlorogenic acids, malic acid and kahweol/cafestol increased in coffee beans from elevated CO2. PLS-DA results revealed a good classification performance between the significant effect of the atmospheric CO2 levels on the fingerprints, regardless of the soil-water availabilities. Finally, the PLS-DA model showed good prediction ability, successfully classifying validation data-set of coffee beans collected over the vertical profile of the plants and included several fingerprints of different extracting solvents. The results of this investigation suggest that the association of experimental design, mixture design, PCA, ASCA and PLS-DA can provide accurate information on a series of metabolic changes provoked by climate changes in products of commercial importance, in addition to minimizing the extra work necessary in classic analytical approaches, encouraging the development of similar strategies.
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•1H NMR C. arabica bean fingerprint changes evaluated by chemometric methods.•Elevated CO2 levels provoke significant changes in 1H NMR C. arabica bean fingerprints.•Chemometric models find key metabolites owing to carbon dioxide increase.•Coffee tree vertical profile does not affect bean classification.•Strategy to achieve global chemical profile of food has been demonstrated.
Introduction
Crotalaria spectabilis is an important species used as a pre‐plant cover for soybean crops to control the proliferation of endoparasitic nematodes. Species from the Crotalaria genus are ...known for presenting pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) in their composition, however, C. spectabilis is still considered chemically under‐explored.
Objective
The goal of this manuscript is the development and validation of a method for PAs and flavonoids identification and quantification of C. spectabilis seeds and leaves, a toxic plant used for nematode proliferation control in soil, especially in soybean crops.
Materials and methods
Seeds and leaves extracts were analysed by high‐performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC‐MS/MS) for the identification of the compounds.
Results
PAs and phenolic compounds could be identified in both samples based on the MS/MS fragmentation pattern. Molecular formulas of the annotated compounds were confirmed by ultra‐high‐performace liquid chromatography‐quadrupole time‐of‐flight (UHPLC‐QToF), and monocrotaline could also be confirmed by standard comparison. The quantification of monocrotaline was performed by HPLC‐MS/MS, resulting in 123 times higher monocrotaline content in seeds than in the leaves, which could explain its efficiency in combating nematode proliferation in soil.
Conclusion
This was the first report of phenolic compounds in C. spectabilis. The current study highlights the importance of C. spectabilis for nematode control due to the presence of toxic PAs, and the employment of analytical techniques for identification and quantification of compounds present in the extracts.
Crotalariaspectabilis is an important species used as pre‐plant cover for soybean crops to control the proliferation of endoparasitic nematodes. A validated method for pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) and flavonoids identification and quantification of Crotalaria spectabilis seeds and leaves was performed by HPLC‐MS/MS, resulting in about 120 times higher monocrotaline content in seeds than in the leaves, which could explain its efficiency in combating nematode proliferation in soil.
In this study, the chemical composition, total phenolic content and antioxidant activity (DPPH, ORAC and FRAP assays) of A. subrufescens and P. ostreatus, cultivated with handmade and commercials ...supplements, were compared. Additionally, the compounds ergosterol, saccharopine, and hexitol were identified in A. subrufescens by HPLC‐MS/MS. The antioxidant compound p‐coumaric acid and dihexoses was found in both mushroom species. A. subrufescens presented higher total phenolic content (73.8 ± 0.6 mg GAE 100 g−1) and antioxidant activity than P. ostreatus (16.6 ± 0.5 mg GAE 100 g−1). The handmade supplement based on the waste of noble grains presented statistically similar phenolic content to the mushrooms cultivated with commercial ones Spawn Mate II SE (86.1 ± 1.4 and 92.9 ± 0.3 mg GAE 100 g−1, respectively). Therefore, the results support the use of handmade supplements based on agro‐wastes as a viable alternative to the use of high‐cost commercial ones.
Pleurotus ostreatus and Agaricus subrufescens supplementation (both with commercial and handmade ones) was evaluated by the antioxidant activities and chemical composition.
Abstract
In this study, the chemical composition, total phenolic content and antioxidant activity (DPPH, ORAC and FRAP assays) of
A. subrufescens
and
P. ostreatus
, cultivated with handmade and ...commercials supplements, were compared. Additionally, the compounds ergosterol, saccharopine, and hexitol were identified in
A. subrufescens
by HPLC‐MS/MS. The antioxidant compound
p
‐coumaric acid and dihexoses was found in both mushroom species.
A. subrufescens
presented higher total phenolic content (73.8 ± 0.6 mg GAE 100 g
−1
) and antioxidant activity than
P. ostreatus
(16.6 ± 0.5 mg GAE 100 g
−1
). The handmade supplement based on the waste of noble grains presented statistically similar phenolic content to the mushrooms cultivated with commercial ones Spawn Mate II SE (86.1 ± 1.4 and 92.9 ± 0.3 mg GAE 100 g
−1
, respectively). Therefore, the results support the use of handmade supplements based on agro‐wastes as a viable alternative to the use of high‐cost commercial ones.
The metabolic response of Coffea arabica trees in the face of the rising atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide (CO
) combined with the reduction in soil-water availability is complex due to the ...various (bio)chemical feedbacks. Modern analytical tools and the experimental advance of agronomic science tend to advance in the understanding of the metabolic complexity of plants. In this work, Coffea arabica trees were grown in a Free-Air Carbon Dioxide Enrichment dispositive under factorial design (2
) conditions considering two CO
levels and two soil-water availabilities. The
H NMR mixture design-fingerprinting effects of CO
and soil-water levels on beans were strategically investigated using the principal component analysis (PCA), analysis of variance (ANOVA) - simultaneous component analysis (ASCA) and partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA). From the ASCA, the CO
factor had a significant effect on changing the
H NMR profile of fingerprints. The soil-water factor and interaction (CO
× soil-water) were not significant.
H NMR fingerprints with PCA, ASCA and PLS-DA analysis determined spectral profiles for fatty acids, caffeine, trigonelline and glucose increases in beans from current CO
, while quinic acid/chlorogenic acids, malic acid and kahweol/cafestol increased in coffee beans from elevated CO
. PLS-DA results revealed a good classification performance between the significant effect of the atmospheric CO
levels on the fingerprints, regardless of the soil-water availabilities. Finally, the PLS-DA model showed good prediction ability, successfully classifying validation data-set of coffee beans collected over the vertical profile of the plants and included several fingerprints of different extracting solvents. The results of this investigation suggest that the association of experimental design, mixture design, PCA, ASCA and PLS-DA can provide accurate information on a series of metabolic changes provoked by climate changes in products of commercial importance, in addition to minimizing the extra work necessary in classic analytical approaches, encouraging the development of similar strategies.
Eight phenolic compounds were isolated from Eugenia pyriformis leaves fraction by semi-preparative HPLC and characterized by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) and mass spectrometry (ESI-MS). Five ...compounds were isolated and identified for the first time in E. pyriformis species, while this is the first report of the accumulation of isoquercitrin, quercitrin, and the aglycone quercetin in its leaves. E. pyriformis leaves and fruits extracts, as well as the compounds isolated from the leaves most active fraction, were evaluated for their antiglycation and antioxidant activities. The mixture of myricetin-3-O-(2″-O-galloyl)-α-L-rhamnoside and myricetin-3-O-(4″-O-galloyl)-α-L-rhamnoside showed the highest antiglycation activity. These results suggest that this species is a promising source of bioactive compounds. Further studies to investigate the inhibition of the glycation process in vivo are necessary to evaluate its use in the treatment and/or prevention of advanced glycation end-products (AGEs)-associated diseases.
