The Open Circuit (OC) faults occurring in switches of Multilevel Converters (MLC) may lead to undesirable operation of the converter. Therefore, fault detection and its localization in minimum time ...are necessary. This paper focuses on the fast fault detection algorithm based on the two samples technique and the fault localization algorithm using the Entropy of Wavelet Packets (EWP) as a feature. The EWP feature is used to classify and localize the OC faults in Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistors (IGBTs) of three-phase, three-level inverter using Support Vector Machine (SVM) based fault classification algorithm. The proposed technique can detect the fault in single IGBT and multiple IGBTs in a lesser time range of microseconds to 0.33 ms. It gives better performance and accuracy (99.70%) than previously proposed SVM algorithms, as the EWP-based feature extraction process used in this paper is simple and accurate with a less computational burden.
Display omitted
•An observer-based algorithm is proposed using two samples-based technique.•The Entropy of Wavelet Packets (EWP-SVM) technique is used for fault diagnosis.•The proposed algorithm can detect the faults in a single IGBT and multiple IGBTs.•The technique is faster and accurate than techniques available in the literature.•The comparison of detection time of different techniques is also discussed.
This paper presents the design aspects and probabilistic approach for the generation reliability evaluation of an alternative resource: municipal waste water (MWW) based micro-hydro power plant ...(MHPP). Annual and daily flow duration curves have been obtained for design, installation, development, scientific analysis and reliability evaluation of the MHPP. The hydro-potential of the waste water flowing through sewage system of Brocha sewage plant of the Banaras Hindu University campus is determined to produce annual flow duration and daily flow duration curves by ordering the recorded water flows from maximum to minimum values. Design pressure, roughness of the pipe's interior surface, method of joining, weight, ease of installation, accessibility to the sewage system, design life, maintenance, weather conditions, availability of material, related cost and likelihood of structural damage have been considered for the design of a particular penstock for reliable operation of the developed MHPP. MWW and self-excited induction generator (SEIG) based MHPP is developed and practically implemented to provide reliable electric power to charge the battery bank. Generation reliability evaluation of the developed MHPP using the Gaussian distribution approach, safety factor concept, peak load consideration and Simpson 1/3rd rule has been presented in this paper.
This article presents the Reliability Assessment (RA) of renewable energy interfaced Electrical Distribution System (EDS) considering the electrical loss minimization (ELM). ELM aims at minimizing ...the detrimental effect of real power and reactive power losses in the EDS. Some techniques, including integration of Renewable Energy Source (RES), network reconfiguration, and expansion planning, have been suggested in the literature for achieving ELM. The optimal RES integration (also referred to as Distributed Generation (DG)) is one of the globally accepted techniques to achieve minimization of electrical losses. Therefore, first, the locations to accommodate these DGs are obtained by implementing two indexes, namely Index-1 for single DG and Index-2 for multiple DGs. Second, a Constriction Factor-based Particle Swarm Optimization (CF-PSO) technique is applied to obtain an optimal sizing(s) of the DGs for achieving the ELM. Third, the RA of the EDS is performed using the optimal location(s) and sizing(s) of the RESs (i.e., Solar photovoltaic (SPV) and Wind Turbine Generator (WTG)). Moreover, a Battery Storage System (BSS) is also incorporated optimally with the RESs to further achieve the ELM and to improve the system’s reliability. The result analysis is performed by considering the power output rating of WTG-GE’s V162-5.6MW (IECS), SPV-Sunpower’s SPR-P5-545-UPP, and BSS-Freqcon’s BESS-3000 (i.e., Battery Energy Storage System 3000), which are provided by the corresponding manufacturers. According to the outcomes of the study, the results are found to be coherent with those obtained using other techniques that are available in the literature. These results are considered for the RA of the EDS. RA is further analyzed considering the uncertainties in reliability data of WTG and SPV, including the failure rate and the repair time. The RA of optimally placed DGs is performed by considering the electrical loss minimization. It is inferred that the reliability of the EDS improves by contemplating suitable reliability data of optimally integrated DGs.
Summary
In this paper, a novel method is presented to study the impact of the most congested line on Locational Marginal Price (LMP), and Transmission Congestion Cost (TCC). In most congested ...condition, the abrupt difference in LMP between two nodes result in enormous TCC and create a huge loss for participants. The method developed in this paper is to find the most congested line on the basis of TCC value, and its sensitivity on the overall network is thoroughly studied. The LMPs computed at each node help in grouping the nodes or buses into two parts, namely, zone 1 or congested zone and zone 2 or non‐congested zone. This method helps market operators to analyze the impact of the most congested line. In addition, the method is handled by obtaining the exact location and sizing of Distributed Generation (DG). Moreover, to formulate the problem accurately, the proposed method is based on AC optimal power flow (ACOPF), which includes network losses in contrast with the lossless DCOPF. The MATLAB interior point method is used to solve the proposed method, and it is tested on IEEE Reliability Test System (IEEE‐RTS) 24 bus and IEEE 30 bus system network in different operating conditions. The results thus obtained shows the betterment of the proposed method.
Flow chart and algorithm of the proposed method: The following steps are used to calculate the LMP and TCC as a part of the proposed algorithm:
Step 1. Initialize network data, load data, and the bid data.
Step 2. Set minimum and maximum voltage limits, line limits, and generators active and reactive power limits.
Step 3. Run ACOPF as given in Equations (1) to (6).
Step 4. Obtain LMP at each bus using Equation (7).
Step 5. Calculate TCC in each line.
Step 6. Decrease line limit on most congested line.
Step 7. Run ACOPF and calculate LMP and TCC.
Step 8. Observe changes in TCC.
Step 9. If large changes in TCC observed then fix this limit as critical limit.
Step 10. Repeat the process 6‐9 until two critical limits are found.
Step 11. If two critical limits are found then their difference will be giving the exact DG size.
In this study, a bidirectional DC-to-DC quadratic converter (BDQC) is designed and developed for the motoring and regenerative braking (RB) of a permanent magnet brushless DC (PMBLDC) motor for a ...light electric vehicle (LEV) application. A PMBLDC motor is deemed more suitable for an electric vehicle (EV) due to its high efficiency and torque density. In the present work, a BDQC of 1 kW is designed to drive a 1.1 HP PMBLDC motor through a conventional voltage source inverter (VSI). An EV’s load cycle is emulated using a highly inertial load driven by a PMBLDC motor during the converter’s boost mode operation. RB is a crucial factor in extending the driving range of EVs by efficiently utilizing battery power. The converter operates in buck mode during RB, and simultaneously, the back electromotive force (EMF) of the PMBLDC machine is boosted by the self-inductance of the PMBLDC motor and the VSI. The braking technique used in this work eliminates the traditional drawback of RB in buck mode, as the power is extracted even when the motor’s back EMF is lower than the battery’s voltage. The control strategy has been implemented using the TMS320F28335 DSP controller for a developed converter prototype of the converter and driving the PMBLDC motor. The experimental results are compared to the simulation results, and a good alignment has been found.
This paper describes a comprehensive review of microgrid control mechanism and impact assessment for hybrid grid. Building the model of sustained energy growth is one of the actions to achieve the ...Sustainable Development Objective (SDO) and change the global fossil fuel system. For co-operation in the development of one independent supplier of renewable energy, the microgrid is essential. Hybrid solar energy microgrid is also a solution for reducing fossil fuel consumption and providing an environmentally sustainable solution to rising rural electricity demand. The most common renewable energy options in the microgrid are solar photovoltaics, wind turbines and biomass. The environmentally sustainable and technologically innovative installation is convenient everywhere. Hybrid microgrid-based renewable energy, however, is confronted, given its intermittent and variable source efficiency, by challenges such as voltage instability, frequency instability, charge malfunction and power quality problems. The paper thus offers a critical overview of the micro grid growth, economic analysis and control strategy.
The proposed work focuses on the power enhancement of grid-connected solar photovoltaic and wind energy (PV-WE) system integrated with an energy storage system (ESS) and electric vehicles (EVs). The ...research works available in the literature emphasize only on PV, PV-ESS, WE, and WE-ESS. The enhancement techniques such as Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC), Generalized UPFC (GUPFC), and Static Var Compensator (SVC) and Artificial Intelligence (AI)-based techniques including Fuzzy Logic Controller (FLC)-UPFC, and Unified Power Quality Conditioner (UPQC)-FLC have been perceived in the existing literature for power enhancement. Further, the EVs are emerging as an integral domain of the power grid but because of the uncertainties and limitations involved in renewable energy sources (RESs) and ESS, the EVs preference towards the RES is shifted away. Therefore, it is required to focus on improving the power quality of the PV-WE-ESS-EV system connected with the grid, which is yet to be explored and validated with the available technique for enhancing power quality. Furthermore, in the case of the bidirectional power flow from vehicle-to-grid (V2G) and grid-to-vehicle (G2V), optimal controlling is crucial for which an electric vehicle aggregator (EVA) is designed. The designed EVA is proposed for the PV-WE-ESS-EV system so as to obtain the benefits such as uninterruptible power supply, effective the load demand satisfaction, and efficient utilization of the electrical power. The power flow from source to load and from one source to another source is controlled with the support of FLC. The FLC decides the economic utilization of power during peak load and off-peak load. The reduced power quality at the load side is observed as a result of varying loads in the random fashion and this issue is sorted out by using UPQC in this proposed study. From the results, it can be observed that the maximum power is achieved in the case of PV and WE systems with the help of the FLC-based maximum power point tracking (MPPT) technique. Furthermore, the artificial neural network (ANN)-based technique is utilized for the development of the MPPT algorithm which in turn is employed for the validation of the proposed technique. The outputs of both the techniques are compared to select the best-performing technique. A key observation from the results and analysis indicates that the power output from FLC-based MPPT is better than that of ANN-based MPPT. Thus, the proper and economical utilization of power is achieved with the help of FLC and UPQC. It can be inferred that the EVs can play a vital role in imparting the flexibility in terms of power consumption and grid stabilization during peak load and off-peak load durations provided that the proper control techniques and grid integration are well-established.
This paper presents the design aspects and thermal characteristics of single-sided linear induction motor (SLIM) for Electromagnetic launchers. It is designed to accelerate a 50 kg mass through a ...distance of 3 meters within a minuscule time to an exit velocity of 50 m/s. A study of the motor's parametric variation based on the launching requirement has been performed. Its performance characteristics are obtained using 3D FEM and verified analytically using Parseval's method. The FEM, analytical and experimental verification of the thrust characteristics of different secondary conductive sheet materials namely, aluminum, Beryllium copper and German silver shows that, the latter exhibits superior characteristics than the former two, because its thrust-velocity curve is close to inverse linear relationship (stable region of operation of LIM), which significantly reduces the accelerating time during the launch. The designed SLIM is assessed for its thermal performance with materials having temperature-dependent electrical properties by carrying out a coupled-field FEM simulation. The conclusions demonstrate that the electromagnetic and thermal assessments are in tandem with each other as required for launching.
This paper proposes an Improved Magnetic Circuit (IMC) model for the optimal design and characteristics evaluation of the Five-Phase Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator (FP-PMSG) for wind power ...application. Along with the Finite Element Method (FEM), the IMC model is also preferred for its faster result generation capabilities. The proposed model is used for optimal designing and performance evaluation of FP-PMSG by considering parameters such as leakage fluxes, properties of core material for rotor and stator, properties of rotor permanent magnet sleeve material, effect of saturation and armature reaction. To compute the armature reaction flux, the winding function approach has been opted. Furthermore, extensive analysis is done with respect to different sleeve and core materials along with improvising various dimensional parameters like magnet height, Magnet to Magnet (M-M) gap and sleeve length for high quality performance of FP-PMSG. To validate the results obtained from IMC model and FEM, an experimental prototype is developed and the electromagnetic performances such as generated voltage, Percentage Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) of generated voltage, terminal voltage vs load current, generated Electromotive Force (EMF) vs speed, rectified Direct Current (DC) Voltage vs DC current, output DC Power vs load resistance and percentage (%) efficiency vs current are evaluated. Through fabrication of the prototype of FP-PMSG in the laboratory, a substantial amount of engineering values have been acquired.
This study presents a comprehensive survey on the reliability evaluation of the electrical network system. The impacts of integration of new and renewable energy sources (electric vehicle, energy ...storage system, solar, and wind) on the reliability of electrical power system (EPS) are discussed. The impacts of these renewable sources have merits/demerits when these sources are integrated with the conventional electric power system. However, the merits are predominant as it includes unlimited, free, and cost-effective resources. The recent researches depict that the uncertainties of renewable energy resources leads to the probabilistic and reliability analyses of EPS. EPS includes offshore and onshore wind farms, micro-grid, energy storage system, and other high voltage grids. It also contains the failure-prone components related to the power systems. For the accomplishment of these aspects, the handling methods of uncertainty parameters in generation, transmission, and distribution systems are discussed. The incorporation of electric vehicles, wind energy system, and energy storage system for reliability assessment is also discussed briefly. This study also presents the scope of a new research area for the researchers on the reliability assessment of renewable energy integrated power system.
PDF
