Alcohol is one of the most consumed psychoactive substances in the world, and the negative impact related to alcohol use has become a worldwide public health issue. Alcohol is able to affect ...diffusely several areas of the Central Nervous System, which could impair visual functions, including eye movements, and cognitive processes. The objective of the present study was to investigate the effects of moderate alcohol intake in eyes movements, as an indicator of cognitive processing underlying the visual search in a the Maze task. We investigated the concentration of 0.08% blood alcohol concentration (BAC), using an intra-subject, double-blind, and placebo-controlled experimental design with a sample size of 20 young adults (11 men and nine women). All volunteers participated in both conditions, i.e., alcohol (0.08%) and placebo (0.00%), in a counterbalanced order. We use the Tobii TX300 eye tracker to evaluate eye movements during completion of Visual Maze Test. The results showed significant differences in the following eye movement patterns: the first fixation latency, number and duration of fixations (mean and total), the number and duration of saccades (mean and total), and the total execution time in the test. In addition, we investigate the areas of interest (AOI), decision points in which the participant must decide which course to follow. We verified that the participants in the alcohol condition had a significantly greater number of fixations in both AOI, in comparison to the placebo condition. Overall, our findings confirm that moderate doses of alcohol can change the eye movements of young adults. These alterations may evidence the influence of alcohol in cognitive processes, such as flexibility, attention, and planning, which are required during resolution of Maze Task.
Cigarette smoke is a complex chemical mixture, involving health-damaging components such as carbon monoxide, ammonia, pyridine, toluene and nicotine. While cognitive functions have been well ...documented in heavy smokers, spatial vision has been less characterized. In the article, we investigated smoking effects through contrast sensitivity function (CSF), a rigorous procedure that measures the spatial vision. Data were recorded from 48 participants, a group of non-smokers (n = 16), a group of chronic and heavy cigarette smokers (n = 16) and deprived smokers (n = 16); age range 20-45 years. Sinewave gratings with spatial frequencies ranging from 0.25 to 20 cycles per degree were used. All subjects were free from any neurological disorder, identifiable ocular disease and had normal acuity. No abnormalities were detected in the fundoscopic examination and in the optical coherence tomography exam. Contrary to expectations, performance on CSF differed between groups. Both smokers and deprived smokers presented a loss of contrast sensitivity compared to non-smokers. Post-hoc analyses suggest that deprived smokers were less sensitive at all spatial frequencies. These results suggest that not only chronic exposure to cigarette compounds but also withdrawal from nicotine affected spatial vision. This highlights the importance of understanding diffuse effects of smoking compounds on visual spatial processing.
Resumo O objetivo desta pesquisa foi adaptar a Structured Interview for Assessing Perceptual Anomalies (SIAPA) para o Brasil para ser utilizada como instrumento de autorrelato. Utilizou-se uma ...amostra não probabilística de 854 universitários, a maioria do sexo masculino (51,4 %) e com idades entre 16 e 65 anos (M = 23,7; DP = 6,8). Após a tradução e validação semântica da SIAPA, testaram-se os parâmetros de validade e precisão por meio de análises fatoriais, coeficientes alfa de Cronbach e análises via Teoria de Resposta ao Item (TRI). Os resultados confirmaram a adequação psicométrica da medida, apontando uma solução unidimensional com altas cargas no fator geral e alta consistência interna (α = 0,88; Ω = 0,88). Acredita-se que o objetivo proposto tenha sido satisfeito, de modo que, ao final da pesquisa, contou-se com uma medida válida e fidedigna que pode ser utilizada, tanto para rastreio quanto para pesquisa, para compreender e diagnosticar anomalias perceptuais.
Abstract The purpose of this research was to adapt the Structured Interview for Assessing Perceptual Anomalies (SIAPA) for use in Brazil as a self-report tool. A non-probabilistic sample of 854 undergraduate students was used, mostly men (51.4%) and aged between 16 and 65 years (M = 23.7, SD = 6.8). After the translation and semantic validation of SIAPA, the validity and precision parameters were tested by means of factor analysis, Cronbach’s alpha coefficients, and Item Response Theory (IRT) analysis. The results confirmed the psychometric adequacy of the measure, pointing to a one-dimensional solution with high loads on the general factor and high accuracy (α = 0.88; Ω = 0.88). It is believed that the proposed objective was satisfied, so that at the end of the investigation there was a valid and reliable measure that can be used, both for screening and research, to understand and diagnose perceptual anomalies.
Resumen El objetivo de esta investigación fue adaptar la Structured Interview for Assessing Perceptual Anomalies (SIAPA) para Brasil para utilizarla como instrumento de autoinforme. Se utilizó una muestra no probabilística con 854 universitarios, la mayoría del sexo masculino (51,4%) y con edades entre 16 a 65 años (M = 23,7, DP = 6,8). Después de la traducción y validación semántica de la SIAPA, se probaron los parámetros de validez y precisión por medio de análisis factoriales, coeficientes alfa de Cronbach y análisis vía Teoría de Respuesta al Ítem (TRI). Los resultados confirmaron la adecuación psicométrica de la medida, apuntando una solución unidimensional con altas cargas en el factor general y alta precisión (α = 0,88; Ω = 0,88). Se cree que el objetivo propuesto ha sido satisfecho, de modo que al final de la investigación se contó con una medida valida y fidedigna que se puede utilizar, tanto para detección como investigación, para comprender y diagnosticar anomalías perceptuales.
RESUMO Investigou-se a relação entre percepção visual e tremor essencial (TE). Realizou-se uma revisão dos estudos publicados sobre o tema nas bases de dados PubMed, BIREME, CINAHL, Web of Science, ...PsycINFO, SciELO, SCOPUS e ELSEVIER desde a origem até 05 de janeiro de 2017. A triagem, extração de dados e avaliação foram realizadas por dois revisores. Para avaliar a qualidade dos estudos utilizou-se as diretrizes do National Institutes of Health (NIH). De 132 estudos potencialmente elegíveis, 12 foram selecionados de acordo com os critérios de elegibilidade. Os resultados indicaram que pessoas com TE apresentam baixa sensibilidade visual quando comparados com indivíduos saudáveis, apesar de não apresentarem prejuízos na visão de cores. Apesar da heterogeneidade dos dados, observamos que existem prejuízos visuais em pessoas com TE e estes podem ser uma das principais características clínicas não-motoras.
ABSTRACT It was investigated whether essential tremor (ET) patients would exhibit visual impairments. Studies published in the following databases were reviewed: PubMed, BIREME, CINAHL, Web of Science, PsycINFO, SciELO, SCOPUS, and ELSEVIER, from inception to January 05th, 2017. Two independent reviewers performed screening, data extraction, and assessment of the data. The NIH assessment tools used to assess study quality. Out of 132 references, 12 were selected according to the eligibility criteria. Results indicated that ET patients have lower visual sensitivity when compared to control groups. There was no significant evidence for color vision impairment. Despite the findings for heterogeneity, visual impairments in ET patients were observed, and these may be one of the main non-motor clinical characteristics.
BACKGROUNDThis article systematically updates the literature on changes in visual functions during the phases of the normal menstrual cycle in women. OBJECTIVESTo update Guttridge's 1994 review of ...visual structures and functions associated with the menstrual cycle and broaden the search through psychophysical, neuroimaging and neurobehavioral measurements covering 1994-2020. DESIGN AND SETTINGNarrative review conducted in a neurosciences and behavior laboratory in Brazil. METHODSThe PubMed, Cochrane Clinical Answers and Google Scholar databases were searched. After screening and applying the eligibility criteria, 32 articles were examined. Through this analysis, the following information was extracted: (1) geographical distribution of the study; (2) sample size (according to age and phase of the menstrual cycle); (3) type of measurements according to psychophysical, neuroimaging and neurobehavioral instruments; (4) vision testing model; (5) visual subcategory evaluated; (6) categories of processed visual stimuli; and (7) main findings. RESULTSThe menstrual phases give rise to significant changes in visual functions, including in relation to orientation and spatial attention, visual campimetry and visual sensitivity. These relate specifically to the follicular and luteal phases. CONCLUSIONSThese findings theoretically expand the effects of menstrual cycles on visual functions found by Guttridge (1994). Despite some inconsistencies in the studies analyzed, it was found that visual processing during the follicular and luteal phases of the normal menstrual cycle of healthy women can explain physiological, cognitive, behavioral and social modulations.
•Cigarette smoking consists of numerous compounds harmful to health.•The purpose of this study was to evaluate visual perception in tobacco addiction.•These results suggests that tobacco addiction ...affected visual perception.•This highlights the importance of understanding the diffuse effects of smoking on visual processing.
This study, an extension of Fernandes et al. (2017), provided consistent contrast sensitivity function (CSF) measurements in a large sample. CSF was assessed for luminance stimuli in different 48 chronic smokers and 50 healthy nonsmokers. Stimuli for the CSF were Gabor patches with spatial frequencies of .2, 2.5, 5.0, 10.0, and 20.0 cycles per degree (cpd). The use of Gabor patches minimizes uncertainty in spatial position and detection of frequencies. The Gabor patches consisted of vertical gratings that were multiplied by a two-dimensional spatial Gaussian envelope. All of the groups were matched for gender and level of education. All of the participants were free from any neurological disorder, cardiovascular disease, and identifiable ocular disease, and they had normal or corrected-to-normal visual acuity. No abnormalities were detected on the fundoscopic examination or optical coherence tomographic examination. The smoker group had a lower CSF compared with healthy nonsmokers at all spatial frequencies. These results indicate that cigarette smoking or chronic exposure to its constituent compounds affects early-stage visual discrimination, suggesting the existence of deficits in early visual spatial processing in smokers.
Background: Cigarette smoke is probably the most significant source of exposure to toxic chemicals for humans, involving health-damaging components, such as nicotine, hydrogen cyanide and ...formaldehyde. The aim of the present study was to assess the influence of chronic heavy smoking on color discrimination (CD).
Methods: All subjects were free of any neuropsychiatric disorder, identifiable ocular disease and had normal acuity. No abnormalities were detected in the fundoscopic examination and in the optical coherence tomography exam. We assessed color vision for healthy heavy smokers (
n = 15; age range, 20-45 years), deprived smokers (
n = 15, age range 20-45 years) and healthy non-smokers (
n = 15; age range, 20-45 years), using the psychophysical forced-choice method. All groups were matched for gender and education level. In this test, the volunteers had to choose the pseudoisochromatic stimulus containing a test frequency at four directions (e.g., up, down, right and left) in the subtest of Cambridge Colour Test (CCT): Trivector.
Results: Performance on CCT differed between groups, and the observed pattern was that smokers had lower discrimination compared to non-smokers. In addition, deprived smokers presented lower discrimination to smokers and non-smokers. Contrary to expectation, the largest differences were observed for medium and long wavelengths.
Conclusions: These results suggests that cigarette smoking, chronic exposure to its compounds, and withdrawal from nicotine affect color discrimination. This highlights the importance of understanding the diverse effects of nicotine on attentional bias.
This study evaluated visual sensitivity to luminance contrast during a daily period. Twenty-eight young male adults (
= 24.85;
= 2.4) with normal color vision and 20/20 visual acuity participated in ...this study. The circadian pattern was assessed using the Karolinska Sleepiness Scale (KSS), the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), and a sleep diary. To measure the luminance contrast, we used version 11.0 of the Metropsis software with sine-element frequency stimuli for spatial frequencies of 0.2, 0.6, 1, 3.1, 6.1, 8.8, 13.2, and 15.6 cycles per degree of visual angle (cpd). The stimuli were presented on a 19-inch color cathode ray tube (CRT) video monitor with a resolution of 1024 × 786 pixels, an update rate of 100 Hz, and a photopic luminance of 39.6 cd/m2. There was a significant difference in KSS on the weekdays χ2
= 20.27;
= .001 and in the luminance contrast for frequencies of 13.2 cpd χ2
= 8.27;
= .001 and 15.6 cpd χ2
= 13.72;
= .041. The results showed greater stability of the measurement during the afternoon and a reduction in the visual sensitivity in the high spatial frequencies during the night.
This study analyzed the fluctuation of the achromatic visual contrast sensitivity (CS) of adult males (M = 23.42 ± 2.6 years) during a daily period. Twenty-eight volunteers were divided into three ...groups according to circadian typology (CT): moderate morning (MM; n = 8); intermediate (I; n = 10) and moderate evening (ME; n = 10). The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index was used to evaluate sleep quality, and the Horne and Ostberg Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire was used to measure CT. To measure CS, we used Metropsis software version 11.0 with vertical sinusoidal grids of 0.2, 0.6, 1, 3.1, 6.1, 8.8, 13.2 and 15.6 cycles per degree of visual angle (cpd). The stimuli were presented on a cathode ray tube (CRT) color video monitor with a 19-inch flat screen, a 1024 × 786 pixel resolution, a 100 Hz refresh rate and a photopic luminance of 39.6 cd/m
. It was inferred that there is a tendency for visual contrast to vary according to daily rhythmicity and CT, mainly for the median spatial frequencies (1.0 cpd, χ
= 9.93, p < 0.05 and 3.1 cpd, χ
= 10.33, p < 0.05) and high spatial frequencies (13.2 cpd, χ
= 11.54, p < 0.05) of ME participants. ME participants had minimal visual contrast sensitivity during the morning shift and a progressive increase from afternoon to night.
O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar se existe relação entre a ingestão moderada de etanol e a discriminação das notas musicais RÉ, FÁ, e LÁ, em adultos jovens. Essas notas apresentam frequências ...fundamentais respectivamente de 293,665 Hz, 349,228 Hz e 440 Hz, de temperamento igual, escolhidas devido estarem em localização central na escala musical ocidental padrão. Participaram do estudo 40 voluntários de 18 a 29 anos, não músicos, saudáveis, não usuários de fármacos ou outras substâncias tóxicas, exceto o etanol de forma moderada e aguda. Por meio do software"Psysounds", criado especificamente para esse estudo, esses voluntários tiveram de escolher, entre duas notas musicais, uma das notas teste apresentada inicialmente. Os dados foram tratados com um teste X2 de aderência para comparar as frequências de acertos das notas musicais de teste nas condições de ingestão e de não ingestão de álcool. As análises mostraram diferenças significantes nas frequências de acertos para todas as notas utilizadas, sugerindo que a ingestão de etanol prejudica a discriminação das notas musicais RÉ, FÁ e LÁ.
PDF
