Chitosan is a promising biopolymer for drug delivery systems. Because of its beneficial properties, chitosan is widely used in biomedical and pharmaceutical fields. In this review, we summarize the ...physicochemical and drug delivery properties of chitosan, selected studies on utilization of chitosan and chitosan-based nanoparticle composites in various drug delivery systems, and selected studies on the application of chitosan films in both drug delivery and wound healing. Chitosan is considered the most important polysaccharide for various drug delivery purposes because of its cationic character and primary amino groups, which are responsible for its many properties such as mucoadhesion, controlled drug release, transfection, in situ gelation, and efflux pump inhibitory properties and permeation enhancement. This review can enhance our understanding of drug delivery systems particularly in cases where chitosan drug-loaded nanoparticles are applied.
► Alcohol/salt based ATPS was used to purify serine protease from mango peel. ► Purification factor, yield, partition coefficient, and selectivity were optimised. ► Serine protease from mango peel is ...recovered with high purification factor (11.6) and yield (96.7%).
An alcohol/salt-based aqueous two-phase (ATPS) system, as a novel method of purification, was employed to purify serine proteases from mango (Mangifera Indica Cv. Chokanan) peel. The effectiveness of different parameters, such as type and concentration of alcohol (1-propanol, 2-propanol, and ethanol), type of salt (sodium citrate, potassium phosphate, and ammonium sulphate), pH, and NaCl, on the purification and selective separation of serine protease was investigated. Desirable conditions of partition coefficient (K), selectivity (S), purification factor (P), and yield (Y%) of serine protease, using ATPS, were determined. The highest partition coefficient (64.5) and selectivity (343.2) for serine protease purification value were achieved in an ATPS of 16% (w/w) 2-propanaol, 19% (w/w) potassium phosphate, and 5% (w/v) NaCl at pH 7.5. It was demonstrated that serine protease could be recovered with a yield of 96.7% and a purification factor of 11.6.
Phaleria macrocarpa, known as “Mahkota Dewa”, is a widely used medicinal plant in Malaysia. This study focused on the characterization of α-glucosidase inhibitory activity of P. macrocarpa extracts ...using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR)-based metabolomics. P. macrocarpa and its extracts contain thousands of compounds having synergistic effect. Generally, their variability exists, and there are many active components in meager amounts. Thus, the conventional measurement methods of a single component for the quality control are time consuming, laborious, expensive, and unreliable. It is of great interest to develop a rapid prediction method for herbal quality control to investigate the α-glucosidase inhibitory activity of P. macrocarpa by multicomponent analyses. In this study, a rapid and simple analytical method was developed using FTIR spectroscopy-based fingerprinting. A total of 36 extracts of different ethanol concentrations were prepared and tested on inhibitory potential and fingerprinted using FTIR spectroscopy, coupled with chemometrics of orthogonal partial least square (OPLS) at the 4000–400 cm−1 frequency region and resolution of 4 cm−1. The OPLS model generated the highest regression coefficient with R2Y = 0.98 and Q2Y = 0.70, lowest root mean square error estimation = 17.17, and root mean square error of cross validation = 57.29. A five-component (1+4+0) predictive model was build up to correlate FTIR spectra with activity, and the responsible functional groups, such as –CH, –NH, –COOH, and –OH, were identified for the bioactivity. A successful multivariate model was constructed using FTIR-attenuated total reflection as a simple and rapid technique to predict the inhibitory activity.
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•In this study, a rapid and simple analytical method was developed using a Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy-based fingerprinting.•A five-component (1+4+0) predictive model was build up to correlate FTIR spectra with activity, and the responsible functional groups such as CH, NH, COOH, and OH were identified for the bioactivity.•A successful multivariate model was constructed using FTIR-ATR to predict the inhibitory activity.
Acetaminophen (ACMP) was synthesized in mixed-solvents (H2O-acetone, H2O-dimethyl sulfoxide, H2O-isopropyl alcohol) for purposes of eliminating hazardous dipolar aprotic solvents. The H2O-acetone ...solvent-pair gave synthesized ACMP yields of 79.2%. Synthesized ACMP samples were encapsulated using solution enhanced dispersion by supercritical CO2 (SEDS) at 150 bar, 45 °C, 1.5 mL/min feed flow rate (30 mg ACMP/mL in mixed-solvent), CO2 flow rate of 15 L/min (1 bar, 25 °C) in which suitable products could not be formed with PEG-4000 excipient at ACMP:PEG ratios of 1:1 with mixed-solvents, however, with ethyl cellulose (EC) excipient at ACMP:EC ratios of 1:1 and ethanol-acetone mixed-solvent (x:y, v/v, x = 1–9, y = 9–1), encapsulated products could be formed over the full range of mixed-solvent compositions. ACMP encapsulated fine particles had purities as high as 99.9% demonstrating that SEDS with safe mixed-solvents can broaden methods available for encapsulating pharmaceuticals.
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•Chemical synthesis of acetaminophen (ACMP, >79% yield) with water:acetone mixtures.•ACMP particle encapsulation with SEDS: PEG-4000 fails; ethyl cellulose (EC) succeeds.•ACMP reliably encapsulated with EC using SEDS - ethanol:acetone mixed-solvents.•Encapsulation yields > 80% for SEDS using ethanol:acetone (1:1) (v/v) mixed-solvents.•Ethyl cellulose encapsulated acetaminophen particles (258 nm) had ~100% purity.
In the present study, ultrasound-assisted extraction of crude oil from winter melon seeds was investigated through response surface methodology (RSM). Process variables were power level (25-75%), ...temperature (45-55 °C) and sonication time (20-40 min). It was found that all process variables have significant (p < 0.05) effects on the response variable. A central composite design (CCD) was used to determine the optimum process conditions. Optimal conditions were identified as 65% power level, 52 °C temperature and 36 min sonication time for maximum crude yield (108.62 mg-extract/g-dried matter). The antioxidant activity, total phenolic content and fatty acid composition of extract obtained under optimized conditions were determined and compared with those of oil obtained by the Soxhlet method. It was found that crude extract yield (CEY) of ultrasound-assisted extraction was lower than that of the Soxhlet method, whereas antioxidant activity and total phenolic content of the extract obtained by ultrasound-assisted extraction were clearly higher than those of the Soxhlet extract. Furthermore, both extracts were rich in unsaturated fatty acids. The major fatty acids of the both extracts were linoleic acid and oleic acid.
This review summarizes the information on the health-promoting effects of phytosterols and the techniques for their extraction. The extraction and analysis processes of phytosterols are complex and ...have not been fully established. Phytosterols have significant roles in the areas of foods, nutrition, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics. Free phytosterols extracted from plant sources are widely used in fortified foods and dietary supplements. Most phytosterols are extracted from plant matrices using organic solvents which are health and environmental hazards. However, the application of supercritical fluid in the extraction of phytosterols has offered a promising green technology in overcoming the limitations of conventional extraction.
Date (Phoenix dactylifera) seed is a potential source of natural antioxidants, and the use of innovative green and low temperature antioxidant recovery techniques (using CO2 as solvent) such as ...supercritical fluid (SFE) and subcritical (SubCO2) extractions can improve their yields and quality in the extracts. SFE, SubCO2 and Soxhlet techniques were employed to enrich antioxidants in extracts from Sukari (SKSE), Ambara (AMSE), Majdool (MJSE) and Sagai (SGSE) date seeds. Extract yields were evaluated and modelled for SFE extract using response surface methodology. Significantly higher (p < 0.05) phenolics (143.48–274.98 mg GAE/100 g), flavonoids (78.35–141.78 mg QE/100 g), anthocyanins (0.39–1.00 mg/100 g), and carotenoid (1.42–1.91 mg BCE/100 g) contents were detected in extracts obtained using SFE and SubCO2 methods. The evaluation of in vitro antioxidant properties showed that SFE and SubCO2 seed extracts demonstrated promising antioxidant (13.42–23.83 µg AAE/mL), antiradical (228.76–109.69 µg/mL DPPH IC50), ferric reducing antioxidant power (1.43–2.10 mmol TE/100 g) and ABTS cation scavenging (375.74-717.45 µmol TE/100 g) properties that were significantly higher than Soxhlet extracts. Both SFE and SubCO2 techniques can be effectively utilized as innovative and environmentally friendly alternatives to obtain high quality antioxidant rich extracts from date seed. These extracts may have potential functional and nutraceutical applications.
In the present study, supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO(2)) extraction of seed oil from winter melon (Benincasa hispida) was investigated. The effects of process variables namely pressure (150-300 ...bar), temperature (40-50 °C) and dynamic extraction time (60-120 min) on crude extraction yield (CEY) were studied through response surface methodology (RSM). The SC-CO(2) extraction process was modified using ethanol (99.9%) as co-solvent. Perturbation plot revealed the significant effect of all process variables on the CEY. A central composite design (CCD) was used to optimize the process conditions to achieve maximum CEY. The optimum conditions were 244 bar pressure, 46 °C temperature and 97 min dynamic extraction time. Under these optimal conditions, the CEY was predicted to be 176.30 mg-extract/g-dried sample. The validation experiment results agreed with the predicted value. The antioxidant activity and fatty acid composition of crude oil obtained under optimized conditions were determined and compared with published results using Soxhlet extraction (SE) and ultrasound assisted extraction (UAE). It was found that the antioxidant activity of the extract obtained by SC-CO(2) extraction was strongly higher than those obtained by SE and UAE. Identification of fatty acid composition using gas chromatography (GC) showed that all the extracts were rich in unsaturated fatty acids with the most being linoleic acid. In contrast, the amount of saturated fatty acids extracted by SE was higher than that extracted under optimized SC-CO(2) extraction conditions.
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