Purpose
This paper aims to discuss the influence of graphite with varying purity on the tribological performance of brake pads.
Design/methodology/approach
Three distinct brake pads were created ...within the scope of this experiment by varying the graphite purity without affecting the other components. The brake pads were made using a traditional manufacturing procedure, and industry standards were used to test the chemical, physical and mechanical properties of the newly produced brake pad. A full-scale inertia brake dynamometer was used to determine the material’s tribological characteristics. The worn surfaces of the brake pads were examined using a scanning electron microscope.
Findings
The test results indicate that brake pads containing 99% pure graphite (artificial grade) displayed good physical, chemical and mechanical features, such as consistent friction and a reduced rate of wear because of the lower impurity level, which eliminates frictional undulations.
Originality/value
This paper discusses the influence of graphite purity on the tribological performance of brake pads by modifying tribofilms and reducing friction undulations.
Purpose
This study aims to discuss the impact of using bio-polymer (kraft lignin) in the formulation of passenger vehicle disc brake pads (as a substitute for cashew nutshell liquid CNSL-based ...friction dust) and investigate the characteristics of the pads.
Design/methodology/approach
Within the scope of this investigation, three different brake pads were generated by altering the biopolymer-lignin content in conjunction with the friction dust from CNSL without modifying the other components. The brake pads were created in accordance with industry-standard practices. Industrial standards were used to evaluate the newly created brake pad’s thermal, physical and mechanical qualities. The tribological properties of the materials were determined using a full-scale inertia brake dynamometer. The scanning electron microscope examined the worn surfaces in conjunction with elemental mapping.
Findings
The test findings suggest that the brake pads filled with biopolymer-lignin and CNSL-based friction dust (as a partial replacement 50%) exhibited excellent thermal, physical, mechanical characteristics, as well as steady friction and low wear rate.
Originality/value
A bio-polymer (kraft lignin) in friction composites has the potential to produce eco-friendly brake pads and improve the tribological performance of its copper free-composition, which might be used to replace CNSL-based friction dust in friction composites by addressing the issues raised in this work.
A growing worldwide awareness of the need for environmental sustainability has increased the demand for fibers in all possible applications. Utilizing agrowaste biofiber from Cardiospermum ...halicababum that has been untreated/surface-processed to create biofiber-based brake friction composites is the primary focus of this research. A standard manual retting technique was used to extract these fibers, which were then subjected to alkali and silane treatments. The fibers were then tested for their physiochemical characteristics. A standard industrial manufacturing procedure produced brake friction composites in brake pad form using surface-processed / untreated Cardiospermum halicababum fibers. The brake pads' performance was compared to industry-standard commercial pads. As per SAE J 661, the Chase test evaluated their tribological performance. According to the findings, brake pads made from silane-treated Cardiospermum halicacabum fibers exhibited a higher friction coefficient than those made from alkali-treated and untreated fibers. The worn surface of the tested pads was examined using a scanning electron microscope, revealing distinctive characteristics such as plateau formations and plowing. The pads were ranked by considering different criteria using the Extensive Evaluation Method.
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•Cardiospermum halicacabum fibers, an agro-waste, were explored for brake pad applications.•Surface treatment was applied for Cardiospermum halicacabum fibers.•Silane-treated Cardiospermum halicacabum fibers-based brake pads had good µ behavior.•An extensive evaluation method ranked the performance of developed pads.
This research investigates the effect of different abrasives (red mud, steel slag, and flyash) on the tribological characteristics of non-asbestos brake friction materials. Three distinct brake ...friction composites were produced by changing the proportions of essential components such as red mud, steel slag, and fly ash while maintaining the proportions of other parental ingredients. Consequently, friction composites with different abrasives were developed and evaluated for mechanical, chemical, and physical properties as per industrial standards. Using the Chase friction test equipment, the tribological characteristics were determined experimentally in line with IS2742 part-4. The experimental results indicate that fly ash particles in friction composites exhibited consistent fade and recovery behaviours with a lower wear rate. In comparison, steel slag based friction composites exhibited a better recovery behaviour. SEM analysis showed plateau development, pits, fractures, and various other features on the surface of the examined brake pads.
Natural fibers are widely used as they are ecofriendly and abundant in nature. The performance of the natural fibers is enhanced by chemical treatment. The current study deals with the extraction of ...Dactyloctenium aegyptium (DA) fibers, commonly known as “Crowfoot grass” using a conventional retting process. The obtained fibers were subjected to alkali treatment using NaOH followed by distilled cleaning to remove traces. This was followed by drying in sunlight and in a hot air oven. The obtained alkali-treated Dactyloctenium aegyptium fibers were mixed with an epoxy-hardener mixture in the ratio (60% matrix and 40% fibers) to form laminates using conventional hand lay-up process in comparison with untreated fibers. The final composite laminates were subjected to mechanical behavior namely tensile, flexural, impact as per ASTM. Test results showed that alkali-treated Dactyloctenium aegyptium fiber based epoxy composites had better mechanical properties with an ultimate tensile strength of 57 MPa compared to those untreated (45 MPa) due to the removal of amorphous constituents from the fiber leading to better interlocking properties with the matrix. These results prove that Dactyloctenium aegyptium fiber based epoxy composites can be used for lightweight and medium load applications.
At present understading the behaviour of buildings with respect to energy useage becomes a difficult task due to the various factors affecting the energy use. Neverthless, the perpetual advent of ...software have provided plenty of oppetunities in forecating energy performance of a building,once it is put for usage. In the present study an energy simulating tool is used to model the thermal, ventilation and various energy intaking processes in a building to forecast its energy performance. In order precisely calculate the energy usages in building the tool consider the outside claimate of the building warmth resources within the building and the use of construction materials. This building energy imitating technique is argubly proved as an influential practice for observing energy routine of building,estimating architectural design, decide upon appropiate structural resources and system required as well.Using this tool complex issues with respect to buildings could be scrutinized and their performances also be appraised.
The present global energy crisis has pushed the human race to its limit in search of alternative sources of energy. Wind turbine technology has seen continuous developments ever since the humankind ...has been on the lookout for harnessing the wind energy. The modern design analysis tools and the emergence of new materials have enabled the development of state-of-the-art wind turbines. The main power-producing component in the turbine is none other than the blade itself which has undergone a major design improvement in the recent past. The Present work comprises of re-design of a composite blade of an experimental Horizontal-axis Wind turbine with appropriate structural modifications to reduce its weight and hence improving it efficiency. A load generation code V BLADE was developed in C-language for calculating the design wind loads on the turbine blade. An optimized and efficient blade design with spar-rib construction was arrived satisfying the power requirements and structural design criteria through structural optimization by deploying FEA SW satisfying static and buckling design constraints. The optimization resulted in a substantial blade weight reduction of thirty-nine present.
Each refugee group experiences specific migration and resettlement experiences. There are no epidemiological data on risk factors for psychiatric symptoms among adult Somalis in the UK.
We ...interviewed a community sample of 180 Somalis. We assessed the relationship between symptoms of psychosis (BPRS), anxiety and depression (SCL-90) and suicidal thinking (BDI) and migration-related experiences such as traumatic events, immigration difficulties, employment and income.
Anxiety and depression was incrementally more common with each pre-migration traumatic event (OR per trauma event = 1.31, 1.06-1.62, p = 0.01). Shortages of food, being lost in a war situation, and being close to death and suffering serious injury were each related to specific psychiatric symptoms. Suicidal thinking was more common among Somalis who were unemployed before migration and those using qat in the UK.
War-related experiences, occupational status before migration and current Qat use are risk factors for psychiatric symptoms among Somali refugees.
Mental health assessment and south Asian men Bhui, Kamaldeep; Chandran, Meera; Sathyamoorthy, Ganesh
International review of psychiatry (Abingdon, England),
2002, Volume:
14, Issue:
1
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Mental health services are now required to provide culturally appropriate levels of care, but statutory services have difficulties providing multi-cultural effective services. There has been a vacuum ...in the understanding of what constitutes culturally appropriate mental health assessment for Asian men. This study provides exploratory data on (i) current assessment procedures applied by different agencies and professionals providing mental health services and (ii) Asian men's experience of the mental health assessments. Mental health providers and male south Asian service users in south London were approached. We interviewed three mental health professionals and eight south Asian men who were using mental health services. Semi-structured in-depth interviews were conducted, and the interview recorded, transcribed and subjected to a content analysis. We identifed Asian men's and mental health professionals' views about the adequacy of current assessment procedures. Cultural issues including religious beliefs were rarely discussed with Asian men in distress, where such discussions were considered by the men to be potentially helpful in their assessment. Cultural beliefs influenced coping styles, but these were rarely assessed. Asian men appeared not to understand the nature of their diagnosis and the rationale for treatment, some perceiving their treatment as authoritarian and disrespectful. Mental health service providers should develop more effective and comprehensive assessment procedures which include the assessment of culturally grounded health beliefs and expectations as well as religious issues.
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