Abstract
Background
In Japan, there is a large regional disparity in plastic surgery availability. In order for plastic surgery to be widely available for all citizens, it is essential for at least ...one plastic surgery facility to be located in each secondary medical zone.
Methods
Using the Japan Society of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery homepage and some databases, we extracted data on secondary medical zones that do not have a plastic surgery facility. The national and regional coverage rates were calculated. The coverage rate for each group divided by the degree of population concentration was also calculated.
Results
We found that 147 of 344 secondary medical zones did not have a plastic surgery facility, and the area coverage rate was found to be 57.27% nationwide. The coverage rate in terms of population was 87.07% (correlation coefficient of area and population coverage = 0.983). The area coverage rates in Hokkaido-Tohoku, Kanto, Chubu, Kansai, Chugoku-Shikoku, and Kyushu-Okinawa districts were 47.46, 72.15, 76.47, 62.79, 52.08, and 32.81%, respectively. The corresponding population coverage rates were 79.92, 91.62, 94.27, 90.59, 80.68, and 69.54%, respectively. The area coverage rates in metropolitan areas, provincial cities, and rural areas were 98.08, 75.90, and 15.87%, respectively. In contrast, the area coverage rate of dermatology was 62.79% and that of orthopaedics was 97.09%.
Conclusion
Unfortunately, it is estimated that more than 40% of secondary medical zones are underserved by plastic surgery, and 13% of the population is not able to fully benefit from this specialty in Japan.
Strategies for altering the reaction pathway of reactive intermediates are of significant importance in diversifying organic synthesis. Enol silyl ethers, versatile enolate equivalents, are known to ...undergo one-electron oxidation to generate the radical cations that spontaneously form electrophilic α-carbonyl radicals via elimination of the silyl groups. Here, we demonstrate that close scrutiny of the property of the radical cations as strong C-H acids enables the identification of a catalyst system consisting of an iridium-based photosensitizer and 2,4,6-collidine for the generation of nucleophilic allylic radicals from enol silyl ethers through one-electron oxidation-deprotonation sequence under light irradiation without the desilylation of the radical cation intermediates. The resultant allylic radicals engage in the addition to electron-deficient olefins, establishing the selective allylic C-H alkylation of enol silyl ethers. This strategy is broadly applicable, and the alkylated enol silyl ethers can be transformed into highly functionalized carbonyl compounds by exploiting their common polar reactivity.
Double‐skin house Sato, Makoto
Japan architectural review,
April 2021, Volume:
4, Issue:
2
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Open access
In this study, a project, which challenges the possibility of renovating wooden houses that are considered as valueless, is conducted. A 30‐year‐old used wooden house was cut in the middle and ...relocated by rotating the ridge on one side by 90° to secure two parking lots in parallel direction. A new façade with a depth of 45 cm, (termed as, "DOUBLE‐SKIN") was attached to control the line of sight from the exterior while incorporating the external environmental elements such as light and wind. This bold renovation increased the economic value of the used house and simultaneously reconstructed the relationship between the existing house and external environment.
Improve the economic value and experience value of used homes by renovation.
A zwitterionic 1,2,3-triazolium amidate was designed for use as an effective modular hydrogen-atom transfer catalyst for photoredox C–H functionalization. This zwitterionic amidate is stable yet ...amenable to single-electron oxidation for generating a highly reactive amidyl radical. In cooperation with an Ir-based visible-light photoredox catalyst, the optimal catalyst enables the efficient direct alkylation of the C–H bonds of various nitrogen- or oxygen-containing organic compounds.
Notch signalling is a well-conserved signalling pathway that regulates cell fate through cell-cell communication. A typical feature of Notch signalling is 'lateral inhibition', whereby two ...neighbouring cells of equivalent state of differentiation acquire different cell fates. Recently, mathematical and computational approaches have addressed the Notch dynamics in Drosophila neural development. Typical examples of lateral inhibition are observed in the specification of neural stem cells in the embryo and sensory organ precursors in the thorax. In eye disc development, Notch signalling cooperates with other signalling pathways to define the evenly spaced positioning of the photoreceptor cells. The interplay between Notch and epidermal growth factor receptor signalling regulates the timing of neural stem cell differentiation in the optic lobe. In this review, we summarize the theoretical studies that have been conducted to elucidate the Notch dynamics in these systems and discuss the advantages of combining mathematical models with biological experiments.
•An improved continuum model for cell-cell adhesion is proposed.•Model based on two basic principles: total population pressure and force saturation response.•Excellent agreement with experimental ...data by Katsunuma et al.•Model sensitivity on the potential shape and cell-cell repulsion.
We discuss several continuum cell-cell adhesion models based on the underlying microscopic assumptions. We propose an improvement on these models leading to sharp fronts and intermingling invasion fronts between different cell type populations. The model is based on basic principles of localized repulsion and nonlocal attraction due to adhesion forces at the microscopic level. The new model is able to capture both qualitatively and quantitatively experiments by Katsunuma et al. (2016). We also review some of the applications of these models in other areas of tissue growth in developmental biology. We finally explore the resulting qualitative behavior due to cell-cell repulsion.
Notch-mediated lateral inhibition regulates binary cell fate choice, resulting in salt-and-pepper pattern formation during various biological processes. In many cases, Notch signaling acts together ...with other signaling systems. However, it is not clear what happens when Notch signaling is combined with other signaling systems. Mathematical modeling and the use of a simple biological model system will be essential to address this uncertainty. A wave of differentiation in the Drosophila visual center, the "proneural wave," accompanies the activity of the Notch and EGF signaling pathways. Although all of the Notch signaling components required for lateral inhibition are involved in the proneural wave, no salt-and-pepper pattern is found during the progression of the proneural wave. Instead, Notch is activated along the wave front and regulates proneural wave progression. How does Notch signaling control wave propagation without forming a salt-and-pepper pattern? A mathematical model of the proneural wave, based on biological evidence, has demonstrated that Notch-mediated lateral inhibition is implemented within the proneural wave and that the diffusible action of EGF cancels salt-and-pepper pattern formation. The results from numerical simulation have been confirmed by genetic experiments in vivo and suggest that the combination of Notch-mediated lateral inhibition and EGF-mediated reaction diffusion enables a novel function of Notch signaling that regulates propagation of the proneural wave. Similar mechanisms may play important roles in diverse biological processes found in animal development and cancer pathogenesis.
•Temporal patterning of neurogenesis orchestrates the production and wiring of neurons.•The fly visual system contains many examples of temporal patterning and neural wiring.•Mechanisms of temporal ...patterning of nervous systems may be evolutionarily conserved.
During neural development, a wide variety of neurons are produced in a highly coordinated manner and form complex and highly coordinated neural circuits. Temporal patterning of neuron type specification plays very important roles in orchestrating the production and wiring of neurons. The fly visual system, which is composed of the retina and the optic lobe of the brain, is an outstanding model system to study temporal patterning and wiring of the nervous system. All of the components of the fly visual system are topographically connected, and each ommatidial unit in the retina corresponds to a columnar unit in the optic lobe. In the retina, the wave of differentiation follows the morphogenetic furrow, which progresses in a posterior-to-anterior direction. At the same time, differentiation of the optic lobe also accompanies the wave of differentiation or temporally coordinated neurogenesis. Thus, temporal patterning plays important roles in establishing topographic connections throughout the fly visual system. In this article, we review how neuronal differentiation and connectivity are orchestrated in the fly visual system by temporal patterning mechanisms.
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