The causal link between ethnic intolerance and ethnic conflict is tested using four highly comparable data sets from Croatia that span the time before and after the violent dissolution of Yugoslavia: ...1984-5, 1989-90, 1996 and 2003. Though most approaches to ethnic conflict posit a social-psychological dimension critical to violent encounters, our analysis provides an unprecedented empirical examination that dispels the commonly held view that ethnic hatred, hostility, and intolerance are the cause of ethnic conflict. After explaining the events and the shifting social, political and economic landscape that precipitated the war, we examine demographic, social structural and attitudinal changes between 1985 and 2003 that are associated with variation in ethnic intolerance, giving special attention to the connection between religiosity and intolerance. Prior to the war people were slow to translate public tensions into personal animosities. We find strong support for concluding that the events of the war itself and especially elite manipulation of public images of these events, are strongly implicated in rising intolerance during the war, and that the war's residual effect has been slow to dissipate.
The paper analyses the dynamic of change in attitudes and values in Croatia during the 1985 to 2010 period with special concentration on fractures following the dissolution of the socialist regime ...and constitution of the new capitalist and democratic regime. There are two main findings. With the disintegration of socialism, the combination of re-traditionalization and modernization emerges. Those value dimensions directly connected with identity dimensions are re-traditionalizing, and those further away from the identity core are modernizing. On the other hand, the initially high support for liberal principles, the market and democracy, after the experience with their application under the Croatian circumstances, is declining. In the second part of the paper the structure of the value system is analyzed. The opposition between traditionalism and modernism is diagnosed as dominant. In the period of the highest support for liberal values, liberalism emerges as a separate dimension; however, with the decline of support it is re-merging with traditionalism. The key unexpected finding is that liberalism is closer to traditionalism than to modernism.
The basic assumptions of Karen Stenner’s authoritarian dynamics theory are tested in this paper. The idea of the theory is that there is no difference in normal situations in tolerance between ...authoritarian and non-authoritarian individuals. Only the situation of normative threat leads to the fact that people with authoritarian predispositions react by increasing their intolerance. As a consequence, we can expect an increase in authoritarianism-tolerance correlation in situations of present threat compared with those without such threat present. In the paper, we empirically corroborate this increased correlation in the areas that have gone through interethnic conflicts, as among people who feel threatened by the return of refugees or by the European Union. These results are based on the data collected in the areas of intensive conflict during the wars of Yugoslav disintegration (Gospić, Plaški, Pakrac) compared with those that stayed peaceful (Vrbovsko, Rovinj, Daruvar).
ABSTRACT IN ENGLISH: The conceptualization of the 'ethnic' phenomena is discussed in the paper. On the one hand, a short sketch of the embededdness of concepts in the social context is given, and the ...migration road of the ethnicity concept is outlined. On the other hand, the usage of this concept in the scientific discourse is reconstructed. The main thesis is that the usage of this concept indicates epistemological progress reflected in altered comprehension of the phenomena, from self-understanding to being socially constructed. The most important names on that journey are recognized as being Max Weber, Fredrik Barth and Rogers Brubaker. It is stated that the main conceptualization of constructivism has already been given by Weber and that the later constructions are mere repeatitions of Weber's formulation in a new, more comprehensive and more systematic way. Brubaker's rejection of the group concept is discarded in this paper as being too harsh. Namely, the sociological concept of group does not automatically have essentialist meaning, although it can have it in the everyday discourse. Because of such meaning of the word in everyday discourse, it is considered that there is no sense in throwing it out of use because, in applying that logic, the large part of the sociological vocabulary would be pruned (along with the vocabulary of many other disciplines). At the end, a draft is provided for writing the history of Croatian ethnicity from the constructivist perspective. // ABSTRACT IN FRENCH: Ce travail traite de la conceptualisation du phénomène « ethnique ». On donne une courte esquisse de l'enracinement des concepts dans le contexte social et on cerne l'itinéraire du déplacement de la notion d'ethnicité. En outre, on essaye de déterminer l'usage de la notion d'ethnicité dans le discours scientifique. La thèse principale est que l'usage de cette notion indique le progrès de la connaissance qui se reflète dans le changement de la manière dont on comprend l'ethnicité, de quelque chose qui se comprend de soi-même à quelque chose qui est socialement construit. Les auteurs les plus importants qui y ont contribué sont Max Weber, Fredrik Barth et Rogers Brubaker. C'est Max Weber qui a présenté le concept fondamental du constructivisme; les constructions plus récentes ne font que reprendre les formulations fondamentales de Weber en les présentant d'une façon nouvelle, plus compréhensive et plus systématique. Le rejet de Brubaker de la notion de groupe est critiqué dans ce travail comme trop rigoureux. En effet, la notion de groupe au sens sociologique ne prend pas automatiquement cette dimension propre à l'essentialisme, qu'elle peut avoir dans le discours quotidien. L'auteur trouve qu'un tel sens du mot dans le discours quotidien ne peut pas être la raison de sa mise hors d'usage car, selon cette logique, une grande partie du vocabulaire sociologique (et de celui de beaucoup d'autres sciences) devrait être supprimée. Dans la dernière partie du texte, on présente le développement de l'ethnicité croate dans la perspective constructiviste. Reprinted by permission of the Institute for Migration and Ethnic Studies, Zagreb
Rad se bavi analizom dinamike promjena stavova i vrijednosti u Hrvatskoj u razdoblju od 1985. do 2010. s posebnim naglaskom na prijelome koji nastaju raspadom socijalističkog poretka i ...konstituiranjem novoga kapitalističkog i demokratskog poretka. Dva su osnovna nalaza. S raspadom socijalizma dolazi do kombinacije retradicionalizacije i modernizacije. One vrijednosne dimenzije koje su izravno povezane s dimenzijama identiteta retradicionaliziraju se, a one koje su malo udaljenije od identitetske jezgre moderniziraju se. S druge strane, inicijalno velika potpora liberalnim načelima, tržištu i demokraciji, nakon iskustva s njihovom provedbom u hrvatskim uvjetima, pada. U drugome dijelu rada analizira se struktura vrijednosnog sustava i kao dominantna utvrđuje se opreka između modernizma i tradicionalizma. U doba najveće potpore liberalnim vrijednostima i liberalizam se izdvaja kao posebna dimenzija, ali s padom te potpore on se vraća unutar tradicionalizma. Bitan i neočekivani nalaz jest to da je liberalizam zapravo bliži tradicionalizmu nego modernizmu.
Differences in ethnic tolerance among majority and minority ethnic groups can be understood in part as the result of structural factors involving population arrangements and the distribution of ...power, especially as these are manifest in ethnic enclaves. The current article builds on Allport's contact hypothesis in combination with propositions found in Blalock's theory of minority-group relations and Blau's structural theory of heterogeneity and inequality to show why spatial arrangements and their corresponding power relations influence intergroup feelings of tolerance. A model of tolerance within and outside enclaves is proposed and tested using survey data (N = 13,442) from the former Yugoslavia collected in 1989-90, just before the country's dissolution. Intolerance is greatest in ethnic enclaves for both minority and majority group members. Majority group members living in enclaves dominated by a minority group are, through a combination of resentment and restraint on their power, more intolerant than in any other situation. Minority group members living in enclaves and experiencing both nascent power and anxiety in their minority status are more intolerant than when living dispersed among majority populations. Greater attention to the role of enclaves is important for advancing social science understandings of ethnic and racial separatism and integration in multiethnic societies. In the case of the former Yugoslavia, policies that seek harmony by accepting ethnic separation may be sowing future conflict.
In the paper the basic changes in value orientations from 1985 to 2010 are analyzed. After the fall of socialism, a trend is detected which can be described as a combination of re-traditionalization ...and modernization of basic value orientations. The re-traditionalization is reflected in an increase in religiosity and national exclusivism. On the basis of the analyzed values, Croatia is characterized by the domination of religiosity. On the other hand, we can detect certain modernization trends that are reflected mainly in the acceptance of gender equality. What can also be seen is a certain fatigue with political economic liberalism, the acceptance of which started to decline.
The conceptualization of the “ethnic” phenomena is discussed in the paper. On the one hand, a short sketch of the embededdness of concepts in the social context is given, and the migration road of ...the ethnicity concept is outlined. On the other hand, the usage of this concept in the scientific discourse is reconstructed. The main thesis is that the usage of this concept indicates epistemological progress reflected in altered comprehension of the phenomena, from self-understanding to being socially constructed. The most important names on that journey are recognized as being Max Weber, Fredrik Barth and Rogers Brubaker. It is stated that the main conceptualization of constructivism has already been given by Weber and that the later constructions are mere repeatitions of Weber’s formulation in a new, more comprehensive and more systematic way. Brubaker’s rejection of the group concept is discarded in this paper as being too harsh. Namely, the sociological concept of group does not automatically have essentialist meaning, although it can have it in the everyday discourse. Because of such meaning of the word in everyday discourse, it is considered that there is no sense in throwing it out of use because, in applying that logic, the large part of the sociological vocabulary would be pruned (along with the vocabulary of many other disciplines). At the end, a draft is provided for writing the history of Croatian ethnicity from the constructivist perspective.
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This article analyses ethnic nationalism and liberalism as expressed in the views of Croatians in the aftermath of the 1991–5 war – a war during which ethnic‐nationalist rhetoric played a large ...role. Because the war was part of systemic change in the nation, including the adoption of more democratic and capitalist social formation, we also anticipated economic and political liberalism to be present among a sizeable portion of the population. We provide an analysis of the structural conditions fostering these sentiments, an analysis potentially applicable to a range of societies presently in transition. Based on 1996 survey interviews (N=2,202) conducted throughout Croatia, we show that ethnic nationalism in the Croatian context is more widely shared than is liberalism. The effect of religious fundamentalism, educational attainment and media exposure are as predicted, based on theories of liberalism and nationalism. Wartime experiences and position in the occupational system have a weaker and more mixed influence than hypothesised. Perhaps most importantly, we find that three out of five Croatians embrace both ethnic‐national views and views that are distinctly liberal, suggesting that liberal nationalism is now dominant in Croatia. The characteristics of groups holding differing views suggest that recent events and current changes in Croatia bode positively for continued growth of liberal sentiments, but this will not necessarily be at the expense of ethnic nationalism.
The authors examine the "second shift" in the former socialist Yugoslavia through the analysis of 1989-90 data from a random sample of 7,790 adults in the paid labor force. Despite working outside ...the home, women are primarily responsible for housework. Neither education, occupation, urbanization, nor participation in the informal economy has a significant effect in reducing this; only the presence of an older female in the household measurably reduces an employed woman's participation in the second shift. Not only are men's attitudes important for women's performance of the second shift but also men's ability to act in terms of this value displays the significance of a gendered social structure in socialist societies.
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