The fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda is one of the most damaging crop pests, and it has become major threat to the food security of many countries. In order to monitor possible invasion of ...this pest into China, a searchlight trap was established in March 2018 in western Yunnan Province, China, where it has served as the “first station” for many pests that have migrated from Myanmar to China. A number of suspected FAW moths were captured and identified by DNA sequencing. The results showed that the FAW moth was first captured on December 11 and formed its first immigration peak in mid-December 2018. DNA detection revealed that the early invading FAW population was the “corn-strain”. The field survey indicated that the pest mainly colonized corn in Pu'er, Dehong and Baoshan areas. Migration trajectory simulation implied that the moths might have mainly come from the eastern area in the mid-latitude region of Myanmar (20–25°N, 94–100°E). This case study confirmed the first immigration of FAW into China, and will be helpful for guiding monitoring and management work to control this pest.
Bisphenol A (BPA) is a widely produced chemical that is mainly used as raw material for manufacturing plastic products. It is an endocrine disruptor and causes irreversible damage to the human body. ...Bisphenol S (BPS), an alternative to BPA, has low dose effects on toxicology and genotoxicity. Herein, we constructed a highly porous crystalline covalent organic framework (COF, CTpPa-2)-modified glassy carbon electrode (GCE) for the electrochemical sensing of BPA and BPS. The electrochemical properties of the CTpPa-2/GCE were characterized using galvanostatic charge-discharge, cyclic voltammetry and differential pulse voltammetry. The CTpPa-2/GCE exhibited remarkable electrocatalytic activity, and the electrochemical responses for BPA and BPS were found to be linear in the concentration ranges of 0.1–50 μM and 0.5–50 μM with detection limits of 0.02 μM and 0.09 μM (S/N = 3), respectively. Moreover, the fabricated sensor was utilized to determine BPA and BPS in bottle samples with recoveries of 87.0%–92.2% and migration rates of 13.2%–28.0%.
An electrochemical sensing platform based on COF CTpPa-2 has been developed for the determination of BPA and BPS in bottle samples and for the determination of their migration rates. Display omitted
•The covalent organic framework improves the electrocatalytic performance.•An electrochemical sensor for bisphenol A and bisphenol S was developed.•The sensor has potential applications in environmental analysis and food safety.
An electrochemical sensing platform based on COF CTpPa-2 has been constructed for the determination of BPA and BPS in bottle samples and for the determination of their migration rates.
Although social species as diverse as humans and ants are among the most abundant organisms on Earth, animals cooperate and form groups for many reasons. How these different reasons for grouping ...affect a species' ecological dominance remains unknown. Here we use a theoretical model to demonstrate that the different fitness benefits that animals receive by forming groups depend on the quality of their environment, which in turn impacts their ecological dominance and resilience to global change. We then test the model's key predictions using phylogenetic comparative analysis of >6500 bird species. As predicted, we find that cooperative breeders occurring in harsh and fluctuating environments have larger ranges and greater abundances than non‐cooperative breeders, but cooperative breeders occurring in benign and stable environments do not. Using our model, we further show that social species living in harsh and fluctuating environments will be less vulnerable to climate change than non‐social species.
Using a simulation model and comparative phylogenetic analysis of over 6500 bird species, we find that cooperative breeders occurring in harsh/fluctuating environments have larger ranges and greater abundances than non‐cooperative breeders, but not those occurring in benign/stable environments. We further show in the simulation that social species living in harsh/fluctuating environments will be less vulnerable to climate change than non‐social species.
Summary Background A vaccine for enterovirus 71 (EV71) is needed to address the high burden of disease associated with infection. We assessed the efficacy, safety, immunogenicity, antibody ...persistence, and immunological correlates of an inactivated alum-adjuvant EV71 vaccine. Methods We did a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial. Healthy children aged 6–35 months from four centres in China were randomly assigned (1:1) to receive vaccine or alum-adjuvant placebo at day 0 and 28, according to a randomisation list (block size 30) generated by an independent statistician. Investigators and participants and their guardians were masked to the assignment. Primary endpoints were EV71-associated hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) and EV71-associated disease during the surveillance period from day 56 to month 14, analysed in the per-protocol population. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov , number NCT01508247. Findings 10 245 participants were enrolled and assigned: 5120 to vaccine versus 5125 to placebo. 4907 (with three cases of EV71-associated HFMD and eight cases of EV71-associated disease) versus 4939 (with 30 cases of EV71-associated HFMD and 41 cases of EV71-associated disease) were included in the primary efficacy analysis. Vaccine efficacy was 90·0% (95% CI 67·1–96·9) against EV71-associated HFMD (p=0·0001) and 80·4% (95% CI 58·2–90·8) against EV71-associated disease (p<0·0001). Serious adverse events were reported by 62 of 5117 (1·2%) participants in the vaccine group versus 75 of 5123 (1·5%) in the placebo group (p=0·27). Adverse events occurred in 3644 (71·2%) versus 3603 (70·3%; p=0·33). Interpretation EV71 vaccine provides high efficacy, satisfactory safety, and sustained immunogenicity. Funding China's 12–5 National Major Infectious Disease Program, Beijing Vigoo Biological.
The sensitivity and selectivity of electrochemical analysis are challenging due to the materials used for electrode modification as well as electrical conductivity, catalytic activity and recognition ...ability of the working electrode. In this work, a portable 3D-printed electrochemical electrode clamp was designed and applied in combination with the developed covalent organic framework (COF DQTP)-modified pencil graphite electrode (DQTP/PGE). The β-ketoenamine-linked COF DQTP synthesized by 1,3,5-triformylphloroglucinol (TP) and 2,6-diaminoanthraquinone (DQ) through solvothermal method is a porous crystalline with excellent conductivity and large periodic π-arrays, coupled with commercial available pencil graphite electrode to fabricate a disposable sensor for simultaneous determination of environmental endocrine disruptors bisphenol A and bisphenol S. The DQTP/PGE sensor exhibited high electrical conductivity and catalytic activity, and a good linearity was obtained in a range of 0.5–30 μM for two bisphenols with a detection limit of 0.15 μM (S/N = 3). Moreover, the sensor showed a reproducible and stable response over one month with negligible interference, and an accepted recovery with real food packaging samples.
A covalent organic framework (COF, DQTP) modified pencil graphite electrode (DQTP/PGE) equipped with a 3D-printed electrochemical electrode clamp has been fabricated for simultaneous determination of bisphenol A and bisphenol S. Display omitted
•Covalent organic framework DQTP coated pencil graphite electrode.•3D-printed electrochemical electrode clamp for pencil graphite electrode.•Simultaneous determination of bisphenol A and bisphenol S in food packagings.
In this work, electro-enhanced solid-phase microextraction (EE-SPME) and covalent organic framework (COF) were adopted to improve the extraction efficiency. A conductive COF synthesized of ...2,6-diaminoanthraquinone (DQ) and 1,3,5-triformylphloroglucinol (TP) was in situ bonded to the stainless steel wire via facile solution-phase approach and used as the EE-SPME fiber coating to preconcentrate a typical endocrine disruptor bisphenol A (BPA). Compared with conventional SPME, the DQTP bonded fiber coupled with EE-SPME device exhibited higher extraction efficiency and achieved extraction equilibrium within 10 min. The proposed approach based on EE-SPME and gas chromatography coupled with flame ionization detector gave a linear range of 0.05–10 μg mL−1 and detection limit of 3 μg L−1 (S/N = 3) with good precision (<6.7%) and reproducibility (<7.1%) spiked with 0.1, 0.5, 1.0 μg mL−1 BPA. Quantitative determination of BPA in extracts of food packagings (mineral water bottles, milk boxes and milk tea cups) was achieved with recoveries from 88.6 to 118.0%.
A sampling device based on a conductive covalent organic framework (COF, DQTP) and electro-enhanced solid-phase microextraction has been constructed for rapid extraction of bisphenol A. Display omitted
•Covalent organic framework DQTP was grown in situ on stainless steel wire via Schiff base reaction.•Extraction efficiency of SPME was enhanced by the external electrical field with shorter extraction time.•The developed EE-SPME coupled with GC-FID method was applied to determine bisphenol A in extracts of food packagings.
Phthalate esters (PAEs), a category of widely used plasticizers, are tend to migrate from plastic packaging to drinks. In this paper, we develop a simple and rapid coprecipitation method for ...synthesis of a magnetic covalent organic framework (COF) adsorbent. The fabricated COF-(TpBD)/Fe3O4 was applied to magnetic solid phase extraction (MSPE) of 15 phthalate esters (PAEs) for subsequent GC-MS/MS determination in beverage samples. The as-synthesized magnetic adsorbent exhibited great potential in PAEs analysis with a limit of detection of 15 PAEs ranged from 0.005 to 2.748 μg L−1 (S/N = 3). The intra-day and inter-day relative standard deviations (RSD) value of the PAEs were less than 8.8% and 9.9%, respectively. The adsorbent can be reused after washing with methanol. The developed method was successfully applied for the determination of trace PAEs in eight beverages with recoveries ranging from 79.3% to 121.8% and RSDs were less than 11.9%. This work provides a simple magnetization process, which facilitates the application of COFs for enrichment and separation of PAEs in beverages with different matrices.
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•A simple and rapid coprecipitation method for the preparation of a magnetic covalent organic framework.•COF-based magnetic solid phase extraction efficiently enrich 15 phthalate esters in beverage samples.•Method development for the simultaneous analysis of 15 phthalate esters by GC-MS/MS.
The fall armyworm (FAW), native to the Americas, has rapidly invaded the whole of Southern China since January 2019. In addition, it can survive and breed in the key maize- and rice- growing area of ...the Yangtze River Valley. Furthermore, this pest is also likely to continue infiltrating other cropping regions in China, where food security is facing a severe threat. To understand the potential infestation area of newly-invaded FAW from the Yangtze River Valley, we simulated and predicted the possible flight pathways and range of the populations using a numerical trajectory modelling method combining meteorological data and self-powered flight behavior parameters of FAW. Our results indicate that the emigration of the first and second generations of newly-invaded FAW initiating from the Yangtze River Valley started on 20 May 2019 and ended on 30 July 2019. The spread of migratory FAW benefitted from transport on the southerly summer monsoon so that FAW emigrants from the Yangtze River Valley can reach northern China. The maize-cropping areas of Northeastern China, the Korean Peninsula and Japan are at a high risk. This study provides a basis for early warning and a broad picture of FAW migration from the Yangtze River Valley.
The study aimed to evaluate the usefulness of an abbreviated protocol (AP) of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in comparison to a full diagnostic protocol (FDP) of MRI in the breast cancer screening ...with dense breast tissue.
There are 478 female participants with dense breast tissue and negative mammography results, who were imaged with MRI using AP and FDP. The AP and FDP images were analyzed separately, and the sensitivity and specificity of breast cancer detection were calculated. The chi-square test and receiver operating characteristics curves were used to assess the breast cancer diagnostic capabilities of the two protocols.
Sixteen cases of breast cancer from 478 patients with dense breasts were detected using the FDP method, with pathologic confirmation of nine cases of ductal carcinoma in situ, six cases of invasive ductal carcinoma, and one case of mucinous carcinoma. Fifteen cases of breast cancer were successfully screened using the AP method. The sensitivity showed no obvious significant difference between AP and FDP (χ
= 0.592, P = 0.623), but the specificity showed a statistically significant difference (χ
= 4.619, P = 0.036). The receiver operating characteristics curves showed high efficacy of both methods in the detection of breast cancer in dense breast tissue (the areas under the curve were 0.931 ± 0.025 and 0.947 ± 0.024, respectively), and the ability to diagnose breast cancer was not statistically significantly different between the two methods.
The AP of MRI may improve the detection rate of breast cancer in dense breast tissue, and it may be useful in efficient breast cancer screening.
Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (SIMS) is an outstanding technique for Mass Spectral Imaging (MSI) due to its notable advantages, including high sensitivity, selectivity, and high dynamic range. As a ...result, SIMS has been employed across many domains of science. In this review, we provide an in-depth overview of the fundamental principles underlying SIMS, followed by an account of the recent development of SIMS instruments. The review encompasses various applications of specific SIMS instruments, notably static SIMS with time-of-flight SIMS (ToF-SIMS) as a widely used platform and dynamic SIMS with Nano SIMS and large geometry SIMS as successful instruments. We particularly focus on SIMS utility in microanalysis and imaging of metals and alloys as materials of interest. Additionally, we discuss the challenges in big SIMS data analysis and give examples of machine leaning (ML) and Artificial Intelligence (AI) for effective MSI data analysis. Finally, we recommend the outlook of SIMS development. It is anticipated that in situ and operando SIMS has the potential to significantly enhance the investigation of metals and alloys by enabling real-time examinations of material surfaces and interfaces during dynamic transformations.
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