Replay attack and false data injection attack (FDIA) are two common types of cyber-attacks against supervisory control and data acquisition systems, aiming to disrupt the normal operation of the ...power system by falsifying meter measurements. In this paper, we proposed a systematic methodology to defend hybrid attack with both replay attack and FDIA. Specifically, we propose a detection method applying random matrix theory to: (1) detect the hybrid attack on static state estimation, and (2) distinguish FDIA from replay attack as well as localize falsified measurements. Firstly, short-term forecast on load and renewable power generation is conducted to obtain the predicted measurements. Secondly, random variables are calculated by differentiating the forecasting measurements and real-time measurements. A random matrix is consequently constructed with the above random variables. Thirdly, hybrid attacks are detected by the changes of the linear eigenvalue statistics of the random matrix obtained by the sliding time window. More importantly, a novel multi-label classifier to distinguish replay attack from FDIA is designed to localize FDIA by combining SVD decomposition and eigenvalue analysis with convolutional neural network (SVD-CNN). Finally, comprehensive simulations on the IEEE 14-bus system and IEEE 57-bus system are provided to validate the performance of the proposed method. It is shown that the proposed detection method has strong detection ability by filtering measurement noise. Moreover, the proposed SVD-CNN improves the accuracy in FDIA localization.
Background:
Previous studies have reported that the Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are related with the progress of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). We aimed to explore the association of ...TLRs single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and COPD risk.
Methods:
170 COPD patients and 181 healthy controls were enrolled in this case-control study. MassARRAY platform was used for genotyping seven tagging SNPs (
TLR2
: rs3804100, rs4696480, rs3804099;
TLR3
: rs3775290, rs3775291, rs5743305;
TLR9
: rs352140) of TLRs. The correlations between the SNPs and COPD risk were determined using logistic regression.
Results:
We found that the rs3775291 of
TLR3
significant decreased the risk of COPD (TT
versus
CC: non-adjusted OR = 0.329, 95% CI = 0.123–0.879,
p
= 0.027). In the genetic models analysis, the rs3775291 was associated with a decreased effect of COPD based on the recessive model (TT
versus
CC/CT: non-adjusted OR = 0.377, 95% CI = 0.144–0.988
p
= 0.047). The rs4696480 of
TLR2
gene was associated with a decreased risk of COPD after adjustment by age and gender (TA
versus
AA: adjusted OR = 0.606, 95% CI = 0.376–0.975,
p
= 0.039).
Conclusion:
Our study showed that genetic variants in
TLRs
were associated with risk of COPD. The rs3775291 and rs4696480 may act as a potential biomarker for predicting the risk of COPD in Chinese population.
Abstract Objective It is well known that glucose and lipid metabolism disorders and insulin resistance are common in sepsis, which affect the occurrence and prognosis of multiple organ dysfunction in ...septic patients. Previous study reported the predictive value of triglyceride-glucose index (TyG), a clinical indicator for insulin resistance, in postoperative delirium patients. However, it remains unclear whether the TyG index is a novel predictive biomarker for sepsis-associated delirium. The aim of this study is to explore the relationship between TyG index and the risk of delirium in patients with sepsis. Methods Adult septic patients were identified from the MIMIC-IV database and divided into four groups based on the mean value of TyG. The primary outcome was the incidence of delirium. The association between TyG and the risk of developing delirium was evaluated by restricted cubic spline (RCS), multivariate logistic regression and subgroup analysis. Propensity Score Matching (PSM) method was used to balance the baseline data. Results A total of 3,331 septic patients were included in the analysis, and further divided into four groups: Q1 (TyG ≤ 8.67), Q2 (8.67 < TyG ≤ 9.08), Q3 (9.08 < TyG ≤ 9.61), and Q4 (TyG > 9.61). The RCS curves demonstrated a non-linear positive relationship between TyG index and the risk of developing delirium, and an optimal cut-of value 9.09 was recommended. After balancing the baseline information by PSM, patients in the TyG > 9.09 group had a significant higher incidence of delirium compared with those in the TyG ≤ 9.09 group. In logistic regression analysis, TyG > 9.09 was significantly associated with lower risk of developing delirium in both original cohort (OR 1.54–1.78, all P < 0.001) and the PSM cohort (OR 1.41–1.48, all P < 0.001). No association was found between the TyG index and mortality (all P > 0.05). In subgroup analysis, our findings were consistent (all OR > 1 in all subgroups). Conclusion Our study demonstrated an independent association between TyG index and increased risk of delirium in septic patients, indicating that TyG index can serve as a biomarker for delirium in sepsis.
The European Society of Intensive Care Medicine (ESICM) recently recommended changes to the criteria of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), patients with high-flow oxygen were included, ...however, the effect of these changes remains unclear. Our objectives were to evaluate the performance of these new criteria and to compare the outcomes of patients meeting the new ARDS criteria with those meeting the Berlin ARDS criteria.
This was a retrospective cohort. The patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) were diagnosed with ARDS. Patients were classified as meeting Berlin criteria ARDS (n = 4279), high-flow nasal oxygen (HFNO) criteria ARDS (n = 559), or new criteria ARDS (n = 4838).
In comparison with HFNO criteria ARDS and new criteria ARDS, patients with Berlin criteria ARDS demonstrated lower blood oxygen levels assessed by PaO
/FiO
, SpO
/FiO
, and ROX (SpO
/FiO
/respiratory rate) (p < 0.001); and higher severity of illness assessed by the Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score, Acute Physiology And Chronic Health Evaluations (APACHE II), Simplified Acute Physiology Score (SAPS II) (p < 0.001), (p < 0.001), and longer ICU and hospital stays (p < 0.001). In comparison with the HFNO criteria, patients meeting Berlin criteria ARDS had higher hospital mortality (10.6% vs. 16.9%; p = 0.0082), 28-day mortality (10.6% vs. 16.5%; p = 0.0079), and 90-day mortality (10.7% vs. 17.1%; p = 0.0083). ARDS patients with HFNO did not have severe ARDS; Berlin criteria ARDS patients with severe ARDS had the highest mortality rate (approximately 33%). PaO
/FiO
, SpO
/FiO
, and ROX negatively correlated with the SOFA and APACHE II scores. The SOFA and APACHE II scores had high specificity and sensitivity for prognosis in patients with new criteria ARDS.
The new criteria of ARDS reduced the severity of illness, length of stay in the ICU, length of hospital stays, and overall mortality. SOFA and APACHE II scores remain important in assessing the prognosis of patients with new criteria ARDS.
Registration number: ChiCTR2200067084.
Sepsis Associated Encephalopathy (SAE) is a common complication in critically ill patients and perioperative period, but its pathogenesis is still unclear. This study aimed to explore the effect of ...the HIF-1α (hypoxia-inducible factor-1α)/BNIP3L (Bcl-2/adenovirus E1B 19-kDa interaction protein) signaling pathway on SAE.
C57BL/6J male mice were divided into four groups, using a random number table method: control group, sham group, sepsis group, sepsis+HIF-1α activity inhibitor (echinomycin) group. Sepsis was induced by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP). At 24 h after surgery, brain tissue was sampled. HE was staining to observe changes in the hippocampus structure. Fluoroscopy observes changes in mitochondrial structure. Western blot, QT-PCR, and immunofluorescence were used to assess the amount of expression of HIF-1α and BNIP3L in the hippocampus and mitochondrion of hippocampus neurons. Observation of neuronal apoptosis by TUNEL staining. Seven days after surgery, mice were tested in a Morris water maze test to assess cognitive function after CLP.
Our results show that CLP-induced hippocampus-dependent cognitive deficits were accompanied with increased HIF 1a and decreased BNIP3L, increased protein levels of TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-β, and damage to mitochondrial structures and neuronal apoptosis in the hippocampus. In addition, administration of echinomycin rescues cognitive deficits, ameliorates HIF-1α and BNIP3L-mediated neuronal pyroptosis and damaged mitochondrial structures, and decreases the expression of TNF-α and IL-6 in the hippocampus.
HIF-1α and the BNIP3L promote mitochondrial damage, and neuronal apoptosis and the expression of inflammatory factors may be the mechanism of SAE in critically ill patients and perioperative period.
Objectives. Nonhepatic hyperammonemia often occurs in patients with sepsis. Ammonia plays an essential role in the occurrence of hepatic encephalopathy. However, the relationship between nonhepatic ...serum ammonia levels and sepsis-associated encephalopathy (SAE) remains unclear. Thus, we aimed to evaluate the association between serum ammonia levels and patients with SAE. Methods. Data of critically ill adults with sepsis who were admitted to the intensive care unit were retrieved from the Medical Information Mart for Intensive Care IV (MIMIC IV) between 2008 and 2019 and retrospectively analyzed. Data of patients with sepsis patients and serum ammonia not related to acute or chronic liver disease were not included. Results. Data from 720 patients with sepsis were included. SAE was found to have a high incidence (64.6%). After adjusting for other risk factors, a serum ammonia level of ≥45 μmol/L (odds ratio (OR): 3.508, 95% confidence interval (CI): 2.336–5.269, p<0.001) was found to be an independent risk factor for patients with SAE; moreover, as the serum ammonia level increased, the hospital mortality of SAE gradually increased in a certain range (serum ammonia <150 μmol/L). Serum ammonia levels of ≥45 μmol/L were associated with higher Simplified Acute Physiology Score II and Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) scores in patients with SAE. Besides, our study found that patients with SAE used opioid analgesics (OR:3.433, 95% CI: 1.360–8.669, p=0.009) and the SOFA scores of patients with SAE (OR: 1.126, 95% CI: 1.062–1.194, p<0.001) were significantly higher than those without SAE. Conclusions. Nonhepatic serum ammonia levels of ≥45 μmol/L evidently increased the incidence of SAE. Serum ammonia levels should be closely monitored in patients with sepsis.
Black liquor and Fenton sludge are common industrial wastes that come from the conventional kraft pulping process and the Fenton wastewater treatment process, respectively. In this study, the ...biochar-supported iron-based catalysts were synthesized through a simple one-step pyrolysis method using acid-precipitated black liquor (APBL) as carbon source and Fenton sludge as iron source, and were then applied for Fenton-like removal of rhodamine B (RhB) dyes. The optimized catalyst (Fe@BCFAK), pyrolyzed at 900 ºC with KOH as the activator, was mesoporous biochar-supported nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI). Under the optimal conditions (50 mg L−1 RhB, initial pH 3, 2 mM H2O2 concentration, catalyst dosage of 0.2 g L−1), the Fe@BCFAK/H2O2 system achieved almost 100% RhB dye removal within 10 min. Moreover, the Fe@BCFAK/H2O2 system also exhibited excellent removal efficiencies for malachite green, crystal violet, and methylene blue. The Fe@BCFAK had a good magnetic separation ability (146.4 emu g−1) and maintained a high removal efficiency of RhB (83.8%) in the presence of H2O2 after five times of recycling/reuse. The degradation of RhB dye was mainly attributed to •OH, including surface-bound •OH and free •OH. Besides the excellent catalytic ability and Fe(III) reduction ability of nZVI itself, the biochar supports with high specific surface area and mesoporous structure also played important roles in the removal of RhB dye, such as adsorbing RhB dyes, alleviating nZVI aggregation, and accelerating the reduction of Fe(III) to Fe(II).
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•Catalyst was synthesized from two industrial wastes by one-step pyrolysis method.•The degradation reaction was obtained efficiently at pH 3 with low H2O2 consumption.•Fe@BCFAK exhibited excellent catalytic ability and reusability in removing RhB.•Biochar support facilitated Fe(III) reduction, mass transfer and H2O2 activation.
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•FeCu@BC catalysts were synthesized using a simpleone-step pyrolysis method.•FeCu@BC600-2 exhibitedgood magneticseparation ability and excellent reusability.•The synergistic effect of ...Fe3O4, Cu0 and Biochar maintains high RhB removal.•Key ROS involves •OH at pH 3, and •OH and 1O2 at pH 7, respectively.•sp2 C = C in biochar and Cu(I) from Cu0 facilitated the reduction of Fe(III)
Treating the wastes generated from pulp and paper mills, such as black liquor and Fenton sludge is challenging. In this study, the biochar-supported Fe-Cu bimetallic catalysts were synthesized by a one-step pyrolysis method using Fenton sludge as iron source, acid-precipitated black liquor (APBL) as carbon source and copper nitrate as copper source. The catalysts were used to remove rhodamine B (RhB) dye from aqueous solution by Fenton-like reaction. The optimal catalyst (FeCu@BC600-2) was pyrolyzed at 600 °C with an Fe/Cu mixing ratio of 2 and consisted of mesoporous biochar supported nanoscale Fe3O4 and Cu0. It had a specific surface area of 104.6 m2·g−1 and a saturation magnetization of 33.3 emu·g−1. In the FeCu@BC600-2/H2O2 system, RhB dye (10 mg·L-1) was completely removed within 60 min at acidic pH (initial pH 3, 0.2 g·L-1 catalyst, 1 mM H2O2) or 6 h at neutral pH (initial pH 7, 0.25 g·L-1 catalyst, 25 mM H2O2) at 30 °C. Moreover, the FeCu@BC600-2 exhibited good magnetic separation ability, low metal leaching, excellent reusability and broad applicability to other synthetic dyes. The dye removal mechanism involved the synergistic effect of adsorption and catalytic oxidation (especially heterogeneous catalytic oxidation). At acidic pH, RhB degradation was due to •OH radical, which was generated from the activation of H2O2 by ≡Cu(I) or Cu(I) oxidized from Cu0 and ≡Fe(II) in Fe3O4. At neutral pH, RhB degradation was mainly due to •OH and 1O2 with the former being produced by ≡Cu(I) and ≡Fe(II). Furthermore, Cu(I) oxidized from Cu0 and the active functional groups (such as sp2 C = C) in the biochar facilitated the reduction of Fe(III) to Fe(II), resulting in a high catalytic oxidation efficiency.
Black liquor lignin and Fenton sludge were used to prepare magnetic activated carbons (MACs) by one-step pyrolysis using KOH as an effective activator. Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) analysis showed ...that the addition of Fenton sludge increased the mesopore volume of MACs compared with the control AC, and the addition of KOH not only improved the porosity but also enhanced the formation of high ferromagnetic particles (α-Fe). X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) analysis revealed that the iron-based materials in the MACs were Fe3O4 and α-Fe nanoparticles, indicating good magnetic properties. The textural properties and the magnetic properties of the MACs can be modified by controlling the Fenton sludge/lignin ratio. The adsorption process of MAC0.5–2 (mFenton sludge: mlignin: mKOH=0.5:1:2) and MAC1–2 (mFenton sludge: mlignin: mKOH=1:1:2) were investigated. The two MACs exhibited good adsorption capacity (qMAC0.5−2= 307.2 mg g−1 and qMAC1−2= 184.1 mg g−1) for methylene blue (MB) dye. The adsorption kinetics of MB dye onto two MACs followed the pseudo-second order model and the equilibrium data was fitted best with the Sips isotherm model. The thermodynamic study revealed that the adsorption process was endothermic and spontaneous in nature. The recovery efficiency of MAC0.5–2 and MAC1–2 remained 84.0% and 92.1% respectively after five-cycle adsorption-desorption. The synthesized MACs with high magnetic separation efficiency, good recovery ability, and high adsorption efficiency can be promising and effective adsorbents for MB dye or other dyes.
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•MACs were synthesized by one-step pyrolysis of two industrial wastes.•Fe3O4 and α-Fe nanoparticles formed in MACs, providing excellent separability.•Two optimized MACs showed high adsorption capacity and good reusability.
The dewatering of large amount of industry sludge is one of the significant environmental problems in the pulp and paper industry. Calcium carbonate fillers are an important component in primary ...sludge from paper mills. In this paper, the role of precipitated calcium carbonate (PCC) on the dewaterability of simulated mixed paper mill sludge (the mixture of PCC and secondary sludge) without and with FeCl3 conditioning was studied. The results showed that when the PCC content increased from 0 to 600 mg/g dry sludge (DS) without FeCl3 conditioning, the moisture content (MC) and the specific resistance to filtration (SRF) decreased from 89.4% and 3.1 × 1013 m/kg to 66.7% and 2.4 × 1012 m/kg, respectively. However, when the PCC content was high enough (> 444 mg/g DS), the effective moisture content (MC*) changed little and the net sludge solid yield (YN) decreased, indicating that the non-conditioning effect of PCC dominated at high PCC content. Furthermore, increasing PCC content reduced the compressibility coefficient, although the change was insignificant from 1.06 to 0.91. When FeCl3 was used as the chemical conditioner, FeCl3 and PCC had additive effects on improving the sludge dewaterability (such as MC, SRF and compressibility). The improving mechanism of PCC on the sludge dewaterability can be explained by the release of Ca2+ from PCC caused by lower pH, the bridging effect of multivalent cation and the formation of more rigid sludge flocs.
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●PCC existed in sludge improve its filterability and compressibility.●PCC component hardly affected the effective moisture content at high PCC content.●PCC can improve the sludge dewaterability with the synergistic assistance of FeCl3.
