Building career decision self-efficacy (CDSE) and engaging in career exploratory behavior (CEB) have been identified as key adaptive career behaviors that promote successful career choice and ...development among adolescents and young adults. Using the RI-CLPM and a five-wave dataset gathered from first-year exploratory college students (N = 833), this study examined temporal predominance between CDSE and CEB and their effects in mediating the relations of personality traits to career decidedness. At the within-person level, the bidirectional model revealed a reciprocal relation from T2 CDSE to T5 CEB for the entire sample. A similar temporal pattern also emerged for European American students and female students, whereas the baseline model was retained for male students and students of color. At the between-person level, random intercepts of CDSE and CEB were found to mediate the relations of T1 extraversion and emotional stability to T5 career decidedness for the entire sample. While the mediating effect of CDSE was significant and tended to be larger than that of CEB across racial/ethnic and gender subgroupings, mediational pathways of personality traits → CEB → career decidedness varied by race/ethnicity. This study provides evidence for theory-based hypotheses regarding how CDSE and CEB relate to each other temporally within the student and how the two variables channel the effects of personality traits on career decidedness between students. It also offers practical implications for including CDSE and CEB in career interventions designed to facilitate career development of exploratory students of different racial/ethnic and gender backgrounds during their initial transition to college.
•Career exploratory behavior (CEB) and career decision self-efficacy (CDSE) help students become more decided about careers.•CDSE is a more important mediator than CEB across racial/ethnic and gender groups.•Changes in CDSE and CEB are related to each other reciprocally over time for European Americans and females.•CDSE and CEB should be prioritized in interventions based on students' racial/ethnic and gender backgrounds.
We tested the interest and choice portion of social-cognitive career theory (SCCT; Lent, Brown, & Hackett, 1994) in the context of science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) domains. ...Data from 143 studies (including 196 independent samples) conducted over a 30-year period (1983 through 2013) were subjected to meta-analytic path analyses. The interest/choice model was found to fit the data well over all samples as well as within samples composed primarily of women and men and racial/ethnic minority and majority persons. The model also accounted for large portions of the variance in interests and choice goals within each path analysis. Despite the general predictive utility of SCCT across gender and racial/ethnic groups, we did find that several parameter estimates differed by group. We present both the group similarities and differences and consider their implications for future research, intervention, and theory refinement.
Public Significance Statement
This meta-analytic study examined theory-based factors that predict involvement in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) activities and educational/occupational fields. Combining data from a wide range of student and adult samples, our results suggest that social-cognitive career theory may be a generally helpful framework for understanding STEM-related interests and choices across gender and racial/ethnic groups.
Since its introduction in 1994, social cognitive career theory (SCCT) has attracted attention from researchers and practitioners in the United States and other countries. This article provides a ...review of selected research performed outside the United States regarding SCCT’s interest, choice, performance, and satisfaction models. Results of a database search identified 37 studies, which contained 41 independent samples from 21 countries and were published in the English language. The majority of these studies were conducted in Asian (e.g., China and Taiwan) and European (e.g., Portugal, Germany, and Italy) countries and tested the interest/choice and satisfaction models in adolescent and college student samples who were enrolled in courses or majors related to the field of science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM; or Holland’s Investigative and Realistic themes). Existing international SCCT research offers robust evidence for the mediating role of self-efficacy, but less consistent support for that of outcome expectations, in the relations of proximal contextual factors to outcomes of interest, choice goals or goal progress, and academic or job satisfaction. Additionally, this review provides preliminary evidence for mastery experience and physiological state as two key sources of efficacy beliefs and for the effects of personality traits (e.g., positive affect and emotional stability) on academic or job satisfaction. Results of a recent meta-analysis are also summarized to offer an empirical synthesis of international SCCT research testing the choice model. Based on this review, directions for future international SCCT research are highlighted, and suggestions for career counseling are discussed.
•Prepared Fe-based amorphous alloy with high hardness and corrosion resistance by high velocity oxygen fuel spraying.•Used cold and hot alternating salt spray corrosion test and high-speed water ...erosion to simulate ocean atmosphere climate.•The corrosion behaviors of Mo and Cr elements between Fe-based substrates and Fe-based amorphous alloys coatings.
The Fe-based amorphous alloy powders Fe40-Cr19-Mo18-C15-B8 are sprayed on 316 stainless steel substrates by high velocity oxygen fuel spraying (HVOF) process. The microstructure of coatings are analyzed by XRD, SEM, XPS and TEM. The corrosion behavior of coatings under different corrosive solutions is also studied. The experimental results presented that the average hardness of coating is approximately at 1024 Hv, contact angle is from 72° to 74°. The scratch test result shows that the LC2 value of coatings occurred at 46.0 N. SEM images presented that there are micro-holes and micro-cracks in coatings. XRD pattern and TEM images indicated the microstructure of coatings are the amorphous structure and amorphous/crystalline mixed structure. The potentiodynamic polarization analysis results show the corrosion resistance of coatings under sea water and 3.5 wt% NaCl solution has a transition behaviors of activation, passivation and over passivation. Through the cold and heat alternating salt spray corrosion test and the high-speed water erosion test, the surface of coatings rusted after 12 weeks. The surface of coatings formed passivation film during corrosion test, and it has a very slight weight loss. It can be seen that the Fe-based amorphous alloy has a good stable passivation and a corrosion-resistant.
In this study, the corrosion-wear behavior of a Fe-based amorphous alloy coating was analyzed using a pin-on-ring corrosion abrasion system. The Fe-based amorphous alloy coating was prepared by the ...high velocity oxygen fuel (HVOF) method. The purpose of this article is to study the corrosion-wear behavior of this Fe-based amorphous alloy coating in sea water. The dynamic potential polarization curve and friction coefficient measurement were used to explore the influence of different polarization potentials on the corrosion-wear of the Fe-based amorphous alloy coating. The corrosion behavior of the coating was also analyzed using SEM, TEM and XPS. The experimental results show that under low polarization potential, after the iron oxide is dissolved, the chromium element in the Fe-based amorphous alloy coating will form chromium trioxide to produce a passivation protective layer. However, when the polarization potential is increased, the chromium trioxide will begin to dissolve. Subsequently, the molybdate formed by the passivation layer of molybdenum dioxide and molybdenum trioxide will provide more effective corrosion resistance of this Fe-based amorphous alloy coating. In terms of corrosion-wear behavior, owing to high hardness of the Fe-based amorphous alloy, the wear rate under low polarization potential is very small. When the polarization potential increases, a softer passivation layer will be formed on the surface of the coating, which will cause the wear rate to increase. As the polarization potential is +200 mVSCE, the wear mechanism of the coating is mainly a plowing type. While at high polarization potential (+600 mVSCE), it changes to a corrosive wear type.
This meta-analysis examined the structure of the four theoretical sources of self-efficacy (mastery experience, vicarious learning, verbal persuasion, and affective state) and their relations to ...efficacy beliefs in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) fields. Data were derived from 104 studies (including 141 independent samples) conducted across a 37-year period (1977–2013). Based on analysis of all samples, the omnibus test offered support for a two-source factor model of the efficacy sources: direct personal experiences (comprised of prior mastery experience, verbal persuasion, and affective state) and vicarious learning. Both sources were predictive of self-efficacy and outcome expectations. Moderator analyses supported the validity of the two-source model and accounted for substantial amounts of the variance in self-efficacy by gender, race/ethnicity, age group, and type of mastery experience (subjective vs. objective) measurement. Across all moderating conditions, the direct experiences factor was highly correlated with vicarious learning and produced large positive paths to self-efficacy. Vicarious learning yielded small yet negative paths to self-efficacy, which likely resulted from statistical suppression. A greater portion of the variance in self-efficacy was explained when mastery experience was assessed subjectively than objectively. We discuss practical implications of gender and racial/ethnic differences in the model tests along with the implications of the findings for theory and future research.
•Findings of 104 studies are synthesized to test the sources of self-efficacy model.•The two-source model (direct experiences and vicarious learning) is retained.•Direct experiences positively predict self-efficacy and outcome expectations.•Vicarious learning is negatively and mildly predictive of self-efficacy.•Gender and racial/ethnic groups differ in the prediction of self-efficacy.
We tested the fit of the social cognitive choice model Lent, R.W., Brown, S.D., & Hackett, G. (1994). Toward a unifying social cognitive theory of career and academic interest, choice, and ...performance Monograph.
Journal of Vocational Behavior, 45, 79–122 to the data across gender, educational level, and type of university among students in a variety of computing disciplines. Participants were 1208 students at 21 historically Black and 21 predominantly White universities. They completed measures of self-efficacy, outcome expectations, interests, goals, and social supports and barriers with respect to computing majors. The SCCT model yielded adequate fit to the data across each of the grouping variables. Implications for future research on SCCT’s choice hypotheses in the context of science and engineering-related fields are discussed.
In this study, Fe
Cr
Mo
C
B
amorphous coatings were prepared using high velocity oxygen fuel (HVOF) technology. Different temperatures were used in the heat treatment (600 °C, 650 °C, and 700 °C) and ...the annealed coatings were analyzed by DSC, SEM, TEM, and XRD. XRD and DSC results showed that the coating started to form a crystalline structure after annealing at 650 °C. From the SEM observation, it can be found that when the annealing temperature of the Fe-based amorphous alloy coating reached 700 °C, the surface morphology of the coating became relatively flat. TEM observation showed that when the annealing temperature of the Fe-based amorphous alloy coating was 700 °C, crystal grains in the coating recrystallized with a grain size of 5-20 nm. SAED analysis showed that the precipitated carbide phase was M
C
phase with different crystal orientations (M = Fe, Cr, Mo). Finally, the corrosion polarization curve showed that the corrosion current density of the coating after annealing only increased by 9.13 μA/cm
, which indicated that the coating after annealing treatment still had excellent corrosion resistance. It also proved that the Fe-based amorphous alloy coating can be used in high-temperature environments. XPS analysis showed that after annealing FeO and Fe
O
oxide components increased, and the formation of a large number of crystals in the coating resulted in a decrease in corrosion resistance.
We examined the nature of the temporal relations among the core person variables in the social cognitive model of academic and career choice Lent, R. W., Brown, S. D., & Hackett, G. (1994). Toward a ...unifying social cognitive theory of career and academic interest, choice, and performance Monograph.
Journal of Vocational Behavior, 45, 79–122.. Participants were 209 students taking beginning level engineering courses at either a predominantly White or a historically Black university. They completed measures of self-efficacy, outcome expectations, interests, and goals near the end of two consecutive semesters. Path analyses indicated support for a model in which self-efficacy served as a temporal precursor of outcome expectations, interests, and goals. There was less support for a model in which the latter variables produced reciprocal paths to self-efficacy. Implications for future longitudinal research on SCCT’s (social cognitive career theory’s) choice hypotheses are discussed.
High-velocity oxygen fuel (HVOF) spray process was employed to fabricate nickel-based alloy coatings composed of different chromium contents (NC-A, 7.15 wt%; NC-B, 16.98 wt%). Based on the results of ...the tribocorrosion test, a mechanical plowing effect can be observed on the coatings at low applied potential (< +100 mVSCE), and the wear behavior of coatings was aggravated by intensified corrosion effect when a higher potential (>+300 mVSCE) was applied. Through the quantitative analyses, we have concluded that the total weight loss (Wtotal) of the coatings increased significantly as a function of the growing potential loading, and the synergic effects between corrosion and wear played a vital role in the overall weight loss.
•Synergic effect on HVOF sprayed Ni-based coating was mainly dominated by wear component when applied potential was low.•Exfoliation corrosion can be attributed to the applied normal force and intergranular corrosion effect.•The applied potential reaching transpassivation region would intensify corrosion effect of materials, which resulted in the increased corrosion and wear rates.
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