Language is one of the essential elements of communication. Learning some common language can help people overcome language barriers between people from different countries. English is one of the ...common languages and it helps individuals adapt to the modern world. Learning the English language is beneficial through teaching methods developed based on Psycholinguistics principles. Four languages are taught by the approach of psycholinguistics that are (to listen, to read, to write and to speak).Psycholinguistics is the integration of psychology (the study of the mind) and linguistics (the study of language). Hence, Psycholinguistics is the study of mind and language. It investigates the procedure taking place in the brain while the perception and creation of language. It studies the psychological impact of languages on the human mind. Recent research focuses on Psycholinguistics theories and talks over the significant impact of psycholinguistics techniques in English Language studying and training. Psycholinguistic studies are based on various ways of responding in a fundamental way and are based on evidence. This study contributes to our understanding of the importance of psychological approaches in teaching and learning English.
(1) Annexins are proteins that bind phospholipids and calcium ions in cell membranes and mediate signal transduction between Ca2+ and cell membranes. They play key roles in plant immunity. (2) In ...this study, virus mediated gene silencing and the heterologous overexpression of TaAnn12 in Arabidopsis thaliana Col-0 trials were used to determine whether the wheat annexin TaAnn12 plays a positive role in plant disease resistance. (3) During the incompatible interaction between wheat cv. Suwon 11 and the Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst) race CYR23, the expression of TaAnn12 was significantly upregulated at 24 h post inoculation (hpi). Silencing TaAnn12 in wheat enhanced the susceptibility to Pst. The salicylic acid hormone contents in the TaAnn12-silenced plants were significantly reduced. The overexpression of TaAnn12 in A. thaliana significantly increased resistance to Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000, and the symptoms of the wild-type plants were more serious than those of the transgenic plants; the amounts of bacteria were significantly lower than those in the control group, the accumulation of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)and callose deposition increased, and the expression of resistance-related genes (AtPR1, AtPR2, and AtPR5) significantly increased. (4) Our results suggest that wheat TaAnn12 resisted the invasion of pathogens by inducing the production and accumulation of ROS and callose.
Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) was distributed globally at the end of December 2019 due to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Early diagnosis and successful COVID-19 ...assessment are missing, clinical care is ineffective, and deaths are high. In this study, we investigate whether the level of biochemical indicators helps to discriminate and classify the severity of the COVID-19 using the machine learning method. This research creates an efficient intelligence method for the diagnosis of COVID-19 from the perspective of biochemical indexes. The framework is proposed by integrating an enhanced new stochastic called the colony predation algorithm (CPA) with a kernel extreme learning machine (KELM), abbreviated as ECPA-KELM. The core feature of the approach is the ECPA algorithm which incorporates the two main operators that have been abstained from the grey wolf optimizer and moth-flame optimizer to improve and restore the CPA research functions and are simultaneously used to optimize the parameters and to select features for KELM. The ECPA output is checked thoroughly using IEEE CEC2017 benchmark to verify the capacity of the proposed methodology. Finally, in the diagnosis of COVID-19 using biochemical indexes, the designed ECPA-KELM model and other competing KELM models based on other optimization are used. Checking statistical results will display improved predictive properties for all metrics and higher stability. ECPA-KELM can also be used to discriminate and classify the severity of the COVID-19 as a possible computer-aided method and provide effective early warning for the treatment and diagnosis of COVID-19.
•The ECPA-KELM is designed to diagnose COVID-19 from the perspective of biochemical indicators.•Performance of the CPA is enhanced special operators from other algorithms.•Property of the ECPA is verified on CEC2017 optimization tasks.•ECPA can successfully solve KELM's parameter optimization and feature selection simultaneously.•ECPA-KELM may be treated as tool for diagnosing COVID-19 from the perspective of biochemical indicators.
Electroacupuncture (EA), a treatment derived from traditional Chinese medicine, can effectively improve hyperandrogenism and insulin resistance in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), ...however, its underlying mechanisms remain obscure. This study aimed to investigate whether EA could mitigate PCOS-like symptoms in rats by regulating autophagy.
A rat model of PCOS-like symptoms was established by subcutaneous injection with dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), and then EA treatment at acupoints (ST29 and SP6) was carried out for 5 weeks. To inhibit autophagy in rats, intraperitoneal injection with 0.5 mg/kg 3-MA (an autophagy inhibitor) was performed at 30 min before each EA treatment.
EA intervention alleviated PCOS-like symptoms in rats, which was partly counteracted by the combination with 3-MA. Moreover, DHEA-exposure-induced deficient autophagy in skeletal muscle was improved by EA treatment. EA-mediated improvements in insulin resistance, mitochondrial dysfunction, and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in PCOS-like rats were counteracted by 3-MA pretreatment. Mechanically, EA attenuated autophagy deficiency-mediated insulin resistance in PCOS-like rats via inactivating mTOR/4E-BP1 signaling pathway.
Taken together, our findings indicate that EA treatment ameliorates insulin resistance, mitochondrial dysfunction, and ER stress through enhancing autophagy in a PCOS-like rat model. Our study provides novel insight into the mechanisms underlying the treatment of EA in PCOS, which offers more theoretic foundation for its clinical application.
Nowadays environmental issues have been of great concern to the world, among which the problem of global warming caused by greenhouse gas emissions is particularly prominent. All countries in the ...Kyoto Protocol and the Paris Agreement have committed to control greenhouse gas emissions, and China, as the largest carbon emitter, has assumed a heavier burden. China has been striving to develop low-carbon technologies such as hydrogen, nuclear, wind, and solar energy, but the most attention should be paid to CCUS, which many scholars have high expectations that CCUS can help China reduce emissions to some extent. Therefore, this paper presents a prediction that CCUS can reduce 3.8% of carbon emissions for China in 2040 when CCUS emission reductions increase at a rate of 30%. The power and chemical industries could reduce carbon emissions by 2.3% and 17.3%, respectively.
•GPP/T increase and T/ET decrease respectively dominates WUE increase and decrease.•Below 1000 m, the increase in LAI dominates the increase in GPP/T.•Between 1000 and 2700 m, the decrease in VPD ...dominates the increase in GPP/T.•Above 2700 m, the increase in SM dominates the increase in GPP/T.•The decrease in LAI dominates the decrease in T/ET at varying altitudes.
Water use efficiency (WUE) is commonly expressed as the ratio of gross primary productivity (GPP) to evapotranspiration (ET) and reflects the integrated impacts of water, energy, and carbon cycles on ecosystem processes. Understanding the spatiotemporal variations of WUE in the Qinling–Daba Mountains and its influencing factors will contribute to identifying the characteristics of the carbon and water cycles in Qinling–Daba Mountains within the context of climate change. This study analyzed spatiotemporal variations of WUE, GPP to transpiration ratio (GPP/T), transpiration to ET ratio (T/ET), soil moisture (SM), leaf area index (LAI), and vapor pressure deficit (VPD) in the Qinling–Daba Mountains and explored the dominant factors influencing changes in WUE. The study produced several interesting results: (1) The Distance between Indices of Simulation and Observation for the PML-GPP, PML-ET, SMCI, and MOD15A2H datasets are 0.89, 0.87, 1.22, and 1.02, respectively. Hence, they most accurately represent the conditions of GPP, ET, SM, and LAI in the Qinling-Daba Mountains, respectively. (2) GPP/T and WUE show similar spatiotemporal trends, unlike T/ET, which differs significantly. (3) At the regional scale, the contribution rate of the increase in GPP/T and the decrease in T/ET to the increase and decrease in WUE are 74.5 % and 106.83 %, respectively. At both regional and pixel scales, the increase in GPP/T and the decrease in T/ET respectively dominate the increase and decrease in WUE. (4) The increase in LAI, decrease in VPD, and increase in SM indirectly dominate the increase in WUE by controlling the increase in GPP/T at altitudes below 1000 m, between 1000 and 2700 m, and above 2700 m, respectively. The decrease in LAI indirectly dominates the decrease in WUE by controlling the decrease in T/ET at different altitude ranges. The interactions between meteorological and vegetation factors constrain WUE variations in the Qinling-Daba Mountains.
As the problem of carbon emissions is becoming increasingly more serious around the world, how to balance carbon emissions reduction and economic growth has become an important issue in the field of ...environmental economics. China is the world's largest carbon dioxide emitter, and China's Low-Carbon Pilot (CLCP) policy has significantly reduced carbon dioxide emissions and achieved expected benefits. However, is environmental quality improving at the expense of economic growth? This article selects macro panel data of 286 Chinese prefecture-level cities and micro data of Chinese industrial enterprises from 2001 to 2013, takes the CLCP policy implementation by five provinces and eight cities as a quasi-natural experiment, uses difference-in-differences (DID) method to investigate the causal effect of CLCP policy on regional economic growth and enterprise behavior. The results are as follows. First, the CLCP policy significantly promotes regional economic growth. Moreover, as the implementation time of the policy continues, environmental regulation has a greater effect of promoting economic growth. Second, although the CLCP policy significantly increases various production costs, it also promotes the growth of enterprises' output and benefits. Third, under the pressure of enterprise cost increase caused by environmental regulation, enterprises choose the positive way of strengthening internal management, improving efficiency and increasing innovation instead of choosing the negative way of trans-regional transfer, and finally achieve an improvement in output and benefits.
The fiscal imbalance between the central and local governments under fiscal centralization may motivate local governments to pass tax burdens on firms. The causal identification of the tax system ...reform and the sustainable export innovation behavior of firms are of great significance. This study uses the income tax sharing policy of China to examine the impact of fiscal centralization on the sustainable export innovation behavior of firms. We find that this tax reform has significantly inhibited the increase of the export value-added rate of firms, and has an increasing trend with the share ratio between the Central Government and the local government. Moreover, this effect mainly comes from the crowding-out effect of imported intermediate goods on domestic intermediate goods. The tests show that the above conclusions are consistent with the general logic of local governments. When they face greater downward fiscal pressure, they will further pass the tax burden on local firms and force the firms to promote their export performance to expand the tax base. This short-sighted behavior of replacing “quality improvement” with “quantity increase” is an important factor that affects the sustainable export innovation behavior of firms and the climb in the global value chain.
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