International climate negotiations represent an interesting theoretical problem, which can be analyzed as a collective risk social dilemma as well as an n-person bargaining model. The problem is made ...more complicated by politics due to the differences between: (1) total and per capita emissions; and (2) present-day and cumulative emissions. Here, we use a game theoretic approach in conjunction with the literature on effort-sharing approaches to study a model of climate negotiations based on empirical emissions data. We introduce a ‘fair equilibrium’ bargaining solution and examine the consequences of the United States’ withdrawal from the Paris Agreement. Our results suggest that the collective goal can still be reached but that this requires additional greenhouse gas emissions cuts from other countries, notably, China and India. Given the history of climate negotiations, it is unclear if these countries will have sufficient political will to accept the additional costs created by the US defection.
Analyzing the geographical distribution of carbon dioxide (CO
2
) is essential for understanding the influence and structural nature of area-specific sectoral emissions in the total carbon budget. In ...this practice, the implementations of specific accounting and spatial attribution methods are criticized for multiple sources of uncertainties. Therefore, estimated emissions may bring forth unreliable conclusions to analyze and understand the spatial variation and associated hypothesized anthropogenic sources in this gas’ biophysical cyclical process. This paper examined the relations among the observed atmospheric phenomenon of column-averaged CO
2
(XCO
2
) and the hypothesized major anthropogenic emissions and sources to understand their influences on the spatial variation of annual XCO
2
concentration at the county-level contiguous USA (CONUS). Specifically, this paper explored the spatial distribution of XCO
2
in the CONUS by processing the Orbiting Carbon Observatory-2 (OCO-2) satellite-based observed database of XCO
2
. The study found that observed XCO
2
and interpolated data can represent the annual spatial variation of XCO
2
at the county level of CONUS. The study established that industrial locations and emissions play a major role in the spatial variation of XCO
2
in the CONUS regardless of the direct emissions from other anthropogenic sources (i.e., transport, residential) and the urban and rural nature of the counties. The study found that in 2017, 2634.92 Million Tons (MTons) industrial emissions increased the level of XCO
2
by 0.0621 ppm in the CONUS.
ABSTRACT
Galaxy clusters are located at the nodes of cosmic filaments and therefore host a lot of hydrodynamical activity. However, cool core clusters are considered to be relatively relaxed systems ...without much merging activity. The Abell 85 cluster is a unique example where the cluster hosts both a cool core and multiple ongoing merging processes. In this work, we used 700 MHz uGMRT as well as MeerKAT L-band observations, carried out as part of the MeerKAT Galaxy Cluster Legacy Survey (MGCLS), of the Abell 85. We reconfirm the presence of a minihalo in the cluster centre at 700 MHz that was recently discovered in MGCLS. Furthermore, we discovered a radio bridge connecting the central minihalo and the peripheral radio phoenix. The mean surface brightness, size, and flux density of the bridge at 700 MHz are found to be ∼0.14 µJy arcsec−2, ∼220 kpc, and ∼4.88 mJy, respectively, with a spectral index of $\alpha _{700}^{1.28} = -0.92$. Although the origin of the seed relativistic electrons is still unknown, turbulent reacceleration caused by both the spiralling sloshing gas in the intracluster medium and the post-shock turbulence from the outgoing merging shock associated with the phoenix formation may be responsible for the bridge.
Unmitigated climate change will likely produce major problems for human populations worldwide. Although many researchers and policy-makers believe that drought may be an important “push” factor ...underlying migration in the future, the precise relationship between drought and migration remains unclear. This article models the potential scope of such movements for the emissions policy choices facing all nation-states today. Applying insights from climate science and computational modeling to migration research, we examine the likely surge of drought-induced migration and assess the prospects of different policy scenarios to mitigate involuntary displacement. Using an ensemble of 16 climate models in conjunction with high-resolution geospatial population data and different policy scenarios, we generate drought projections worldwide and estimate the potential for internal and international population movement due to extreme droughts through the remainder of the 21st century. Our simulations suggest that a potential for drought-induced migration increases by approximately 200 percent under the current international policy scenario (corresponding to the current Paris Agreement targets). In contrast, total migration increases by almost 500 percent, should current international cooperation fail and should unrestricted policies toward greenhouse gas emissions prevail. We argue that despite the continued growth projections of drought-induced migration in all cases, international cooperation on climate change can substantially reduce the global potential for such migration, in contrast to unilateral policy approaches to energy demands. This article highlights the importance of modeling future environmental migrations, in order to manage the pressures and unprecedented policy challenges which are expected to dramatically increase under conditions of unmitigated climate change.
We study a spatial, one-shot prisoner's dilemma (PD) model in which selection operates on both an organism's behavioral strategy (cooperate or defect) and its decision of when to implement that ...strategy, which we depict as an organism's choice of one point in time, out of a set of discrete time slots, at which to carry out its PD strategy. Results indicate selection for cooperators across various time slots and parameter settings, including parameter settings in which cooperation would not evolve in an exclusively spatial model-as in work investigating exogenously imposed temporal networks. Moreover, in the presence of time slots, cooperators' portion of the population grows even under different combinations of spatial structure, transition rules, and update dynamics, though rates of cooperator fixation decline under pairwise comparison and synchronous updating. These findings indicate that, under certain evolutionary processes, merely existing in time and space promotes the evolution of cooperation.
Free-riding produces inequality in the prisoners' dilemma: cooperators suffer costs that defectors avoid, thus putting them at a material disadvantage to their anti-social peers. This inequality, ...accordingly, conveys information about a social partner's choices in past game play and raises the possibility that agents can use the aggregation of past payoffs-i.e. wealth-to identify a social partner who uses their same strategy. Building on these insights, we study a computational model in which agents can employ a strategy-when playing multiple one-shot prisoners' dilemma games per generation-in which they view other agents' summed payoffs from previous games, choose to enter a PD game with the agent whose summed payoffs most-closely approximate their own, and then always cooperate. Here we show that this strategy of wealth homophily-labelled COEQUALS ("CO-operate with EQUALS")-can both invade an incumbent population of defectors and resist invasion. The strategy succeeds because wealth homophily leads agents to direct cooperation disproportionately toward others of their own type-a phenomenon known as "positive assortment". These findings illuminate empirical evidence indicating that viewable inequality degrades cooperation and they show how a standard feature of evolutionary game models-viz. the aggregation of payoffs during a generation-can double as an information mechanism that facilitates positive assortment.
The article proposes an original methodology for assessing the stability of the spatial development of the regions of Siberia and the Far East of Russia through the prism of the component of the ...triad of sustainable development. The results of the calculation of the Index of Sustainability of Spatial Development of Regions (SPR) are presented. On the basis of the Index all regions were divided into 3 groups: Priority – “sustainable”; Functioning – “stable”; Problem – “unstable”. The assumption is formulated that, due to the differentiation of natural landscapes - from comfortable to absolutely unfavorable, multiplied by the variable severity of the climate - extensive territorial development is not required for the spatial development of a number of subjects of the Siberian and Far Eastern federal districts. Renovation of the network of outposts and infrastructure, a selective policy for the development of settlements, the shift method (with a minimally sufficient set of social functions) will bring a much greater effect. The importance of the transition from the redistribution of resources to the redistribution of opportunities and equalization of the investment attractiveness of the regions of Siberia and the Far East (the creation of conditions attractive for the growth of capitalization of territories and, accordingly, improving livelihoods and sustainability) is emphasized. From a practical point of view, the results of the study can be used in variant scenario planning of the spatial development of the country's regions.
Geographic space: an ancient story retold Smirnov, Oleg A
Transactions - Institute of British Geographers (1965),
October 2016, Volume:
41, Issue:
4
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Location, as the fundamental concept in geography, is important for all sciences that study objects and behaviours in geo-space. Although other disciplines are capable of formulating definitions of ...location and geo-space, they nevertheless look up to geography to devise and articulate a comprehensive and practical concept of 'everything geographic'. Essentially quantitative in its concern, geography has yet to quantify the concept of geo-space in order to both fulfil the ancient Greeks' vision of geography and advance it for use in other disciplines. We revisit the epistemological and broader philosophical principles of geo-space and apply these principles to identifying and quantifying the key aspects of geo-space: topos, choros and geos. Rather than following the narrow numerical tradition of quantitative geography and GIS, we adopt broader philosophical perspective of Kant on Quantity (Unity, Multiplicity, Totality) and argue that the 'natural' extension of the classical approach to geo-space necessitates its further philosophical quantification. We show that the ancient Greeks' concept maps into locations (topos), spatial relations (choros) and topology (geos). Extending the concept further necessitates the use of the language of set theory for defining basic concepts. We show that the result is both tractable and quantifiable, connects classical with modern and completes the definition of geo-space on all three levels of Quantity (unity, multiplicity, totality). We demonstrate the tractability of thus defined concept by reinterpreting Tobler's First Law of geography in theoretically sound terms. We show that a refined, modern concept of geo-space is both philosophically fulfilling and practically useful - some properties of geo-space are too important to be ignored or distorted.
We examine the political consequence of exposure to widely available video content of terror violence. In a two-wave survey of Americans, we assess who is exposed to, and seeks out, terror-related ...video content in the first wave and then observe who decides to watch raw video footage of the Boston marathon terror attack in the second. We focus centrally on anxiety and anger as differing emotional reactions to the threat of terrorism and document their influence on exposure to terror violence. Anxiety generates avoidance of violent terror content whereas anger increases its consumption. Moreover, we find that anger increases exposure to violent terror content and in addition enhances support for punitive and retaliatory anti-terrorism policy. We discuss the implications of our findings for the broader dynamics of terrorist violence and the emotional basis of selective news exposure.
Abstract
We present the results of a wideband high-resolution polarization study of Hydra A, one of the most luminous FR I radio galaxies known and among the most well studied. The radio emission ...from this source displays extremely large Faraday rotation measures (RMs), ranging from −12,300 rad m
−2
to 5000 rad m
−2
, the majority of which are believed to originate from magnetized thermal gas external to the radio tails. The radio emission from both tails strongly depolarizes with decreasing frequency. Depolarization, as a function of wavelength, is commonly nonmonotonic, often showing oscillatory behavior, with strongly nonlinear rotation of the polarization position angle with
λ
2
. A simple model, based on the RM screen derived from the high-frequency, high-resolution data, predicts the lower frequency depolarization remarkably well. The success of this model indicates the majority of the depolarization can be attributed to fluctuations in the magnetic field on scales <1500 pc, suggesting the presence of turbulent magnetic field/electron density structures on subkiloparsec scales within a Faraday rotating medium.
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