Soil-borne fungal pathogens that cause crop disease are major threats to agriculture worldwide. Here, we identified a secretory polysaccharide deacetylase (PDA1) from the soil-borne fungus ...Verticillium dahliae, the most notorious plant pathogen of the Verticillium genus, that facilitates virulence through direct deacetylation of chitin oligomers whose N-acetyl group contributes to host lysine motif (LysM)-containing receptor perception for ligand-triggered immunity. Polysaccharide deacetylases are widely present in fungi, bacteria, insects and marine invertebrates and have been reported to possess diverse functions in developmental processes rather than virulence. A phylogenetics analysis of more than 5,000 fungal proteins with conserved polysaccharide deacetylase domains showed that the V. dahliae PDA1-containing subtree includes a large number of proteins from the Verticillium genus as well as the Fusarium genus, another group of characterized soil-borne fungal pathogens, suggesting that soil-borne fungal pathogens have adopted chitin deacetylation as a major virulence strategy. We showed that a Fusarium PDA1 is required for virulence in cotton plants. This study reveals a substantial virulence function role of polysaccharide deacetylases in pathogenic fungi and demonstrates a subtle mechanism whereby deacetylation of chitin oligomers converts them to ligand-inactive chitosan, representing a common strategy of preventing chitin-triggered host immunity by soil-borne fungal pathogens.
•The effect of heat conduction on the oxidation reaction of weathered coal was clarified.•The effect of heating rate on exothermic characteristic of weathered coal was weaker than fresh coal.•The ...apparent activation energy of the oxidation reaction process of weathered coal was calculated using the heat flow.
Spontaneous combustion of weathered coal is the main hazard in coal-rich countries which needs to be addressed. The exothermic behaviour of weathered coal on low-temperature oxidation was investigated in fresh and weathered coal during spontaneous combustion. The variation law of thermal diffusivity, specific heat, and thermal conductivity of weathered coal on spontaneous combustion oxidation was analysed using the laser flash technique. Weathered coal thermal conduction characteristics were enhanced compared with fresh coal. On the basis of differential scanning calorimetry results, the characteristics of the thermal effect during the low-temperature oxidation of weathered coal were studied by conducting C80 micro thermal. The exothermic onset temperature and total thermal energy of weathered coal were lower than those of fresh coal, as the thermal release showed distinct stage characteristics. The exothermic characteristics of various reaction stages were determined. The influence of the heating rate during the low-temperature reaction of weathered coal was evaluated. The heat flow obtained using the iso-conversion method indicated that the apparent activation energy of weathered coal varied with the reaction process. The results can provide a basis for the prevention and control of spontaneous combustion of weathered coal.
Sepsis, a life‐threatening condition stemming from an uncontrolled host immune response to bacterial infections, continues to impose a significant global burden with high morbidity and mortality. ...Addressing the challenges posed by antimicrobial resistance and uncontrollable inflammation remains a challenge in sepsis treatment. Moreover, traditional antibacterial materials have low bacterial trapping efficiency and inevitable prolonged circulation within the bloodstream, resulting in suboptimal antibacterial effects, metabolic complications, and undesirable side effects. In this study, an innovative solution is introduced through the development of Fe3O4@SH@TBTCP‐PMB, an aggregation‐induced emission (AIE) photosensitizer (PS)‐armored magnetic nanoparticles (NPs). It has high reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation efficiency and an exceptional ability to capture Gram‐positive bacteria with over 80% enrichment efficiency within just 1 h, even at low bacterial concentrations. Under white light illumination, 100 µg mL−1 of Fe3O4@SH@TBTCP‐PMB effectively eliminated more than 99.9% of methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Furthermore, its magnetic separation properties efficiently prevent systemic blood circulation and associated side effects. Most importantly, Fe3O4@SH@TBTCP‐PMB demonstrates superior anti‐inflammatory effects by regulating cytokines, reducing adhesion molecule expression, and managing oxidative stress levels. This multifunctional approach significantly enhances sepsis survival rates, offering a promising strategy for combating multidrug‐resistant (MDR) bacterial infections in sepsis patients while addressing inflammation‐related complications.
An aggregation‐induced emission photosensitizer‐armored magnetic nanoparticle, Fe3O4@SH@TBTCP‐PMB, that combines high ROS generation efficiency and magnetic trapping and separation character to circumvent the potential toxic side effects associated with prolonged blood circulation and metabolic challenges. It efficiently traps Gram‐positive bacteria, eliminates multidrug‐resistant bacteria, attenuates the inflammatory response, and restores the innate immune defense system to conquer sepsis in mouse model.
...we collected re‐sequencing data of 1688 rapeseed accessions with an average depth of 8× (Lu et al., 2019; Wang et al., 2018a, 2018b; Wu et al., 2019). Basic genetic information includes ...chromosomal location, coding sequence length, exon number, gene structure, alternative splicing, nucleic acid sequence, the encoded protein sequence, expression data, gene ontology, functional domain, gene classification (core/distributed), frequency in subspecies. (Figure 1f). ...users can access the Gbrowse (https://www.gbrowse.org/) to visualize detailed gene context and upstream/downstream features (Figure 1g).
Abstract This study aimed to determine an immune-related RNA signature as a prognostic marker, in this study, we developed a risk score model for predicting the prognosis of osteosarcoma metastasis. ...We first downloaded the clinical information and expression data of osteosarcoma samples from the UCSC Xena and GEO databases, of which the former was the training set and the latter was the validation set. Immune infiltration was assessed using the ssGSEA and ESTIMATE algorithms, and the osteosarcoma samples were divided into the Immunity_L and Immunity_H groups. Then, eleven RNAs were identified as the optimal prognostic RNA signatures using LASSO Cox regression analysis for establishing a risk score (RS) model. Kaplan–Meier approach indicated the high-risk group exhibited a shorter survival. Furthermore, we analyzed the tumor metastasis, age, and RS model status were determined to be independent clinical prognostic factors using Cox regression analysis. Decision curve analysis (DCA) indicated that the prognostic factor + RS model had the best net benefit. Finally, nine tumor-infiltrating immune cells (TIICs) showed significant differences in abundance between high- and low-risk groups via CIBERSORT deconvolution algorithm. In conclusion, the immune-related eleven-RNA signature be could served as a potential prognostic biomarker for osteosarcoma metastasis.
The relationship between serum cholesterol level and development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains unclear. We investigated the effects of serum cholesterol level on development of liver ...tumors in mice.
We performed studies with C57BL/6J mice, mice with disruption of the low-density lipoprotein receptor gene (Ldlr−/−mice), and mice with conditional deletion of nature killer (NK) cells (NKdele mice). Some C57BL/6J and NKdele mice were given injections of diethylinitrosamine to induce liver tumor formation. Mice were placed on a normal diet (ND) or high-cholesterol diet (HCD) to induce high serum levels of cholesterol. We also studied mice with homozygous disruption of ApoE (ApoE−/− mice), which spontaneously develop high serum cholesterol. C57BL/6J and NKdele mice on the ND or HCD were implanted with Hep1-6 (mouse hepatoma) cells and growth of xenograft tumors and lung metastases were monitored. Blood samples were collected from mice and analyzed by biochemistry and flow cytometry; liver and tumor tissues were collected and analyzed by histology, immunohistochemistry, and RNA-sequencing analysis. NK cells were isolated from mice and analyzed for cholesterol content, lipid raft formation, immune signaling, and changes in functions. We obtained matched tumor tissues and blood samples from 30 patients with HCC and blood samples from 40 healthy volunteers; levels of cholesterol and cytotoxicity of NK cells were measured.
C57BL/6J mice on HCD and ApoE−/− mice with high serum levels of cholesterol developed fewer and smaller liver tumors and lung metastases after diethylinitrosamine injection or implantation of Hep1-6 cells than mice on ND. Liver tumors from HCD-fed mice and ApoE−/− mice had increased numbers of NK cells compared to tumors from ND-fed mice. NKdele mice or mice with antibody-based depletion for NK cells showed similar tumor number and size in ND and HCD groups after diethylinitrosamine injection or implantation of Hep1-6 cells. NK cells isolated from C57BL/6J mice fed with HCD had increased expression of NK cell–activating receptors (natural cytotoxicity triggering receptor 1 and natural killer group 2, member D), markers of effector function (granzyme B and perforin), and cytokines and chemokines compared with NK cells from mice on ND; these NK cells also had enhanced cytotoxic activity against mouse hepatoma cells, accumulated cholesterol, increased lipid raft formation, and immune signaling activation. NK cells isolated from HCD-fed Ldlr−/− mice did not have increased cholesterol content or cytotoxic activity against mouse hepatoma cells compared with ND-fed Ldlr−/− mice. Serum levels of cholesterol correlated with number and activity of NK cells isolated from human HCCs.
Mice with increased serum levels of cholesterol due to an HCD or genetic disruption of ApoE develop fewer and smaller tumors after injection of hepatoma cells or a chemical carcinogen. We found cholesterol to accumulate in NK cells and activate their effector functions against hepatoma cells. Strategies to increase cholesterol uptake by NK cells can be developed for treatment of HCC.
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(1) Background: Curcumin (CUR) and tetrandrine (TET) are natural compounds with various bioactivities, but have problems with low solubility, stability, and absorption rate, resulting in low ...bioavailability, and limited applications in food, medicine, and other fields. It is very important to improve the solubility while maintaining the high activity of drugs. Liposomes are micro–vesicles synthesized from cholesterol and lecithin. With high biocompatibility and biodegradability, liposomes can significantly improve drug solubility, efficacy, and bioavailability. (2) Methods: In this work, CUR and TET were encapsulated with nano–liposomes and g DSPE–MPEG 2000 (DP)was added as a stabilizer to achieve better physicochemical properties, biosafety, and anti–tumor effects. (3) Results: The nano–liposome (CT–DP–Lip) showed stable particle size (under 100 nm) under different conditions, high solubility, drug encapsulation efficiency (EE), loading capacity (LC), release rate in vitro, and stability. In addition, in vivo studies demonstrated CT–DP–Lip had no significant toxicity on zebrafish. Tumor cytotoxicity test showed that CT–DP–Lip had a strong inhibitory effect on a variety of cancer cells. (4) Conclusions: This work showed that nano–liposomes can significantly improve the physical and chemical properties of CUR and TET and make them safer and more efficient.
Long noncoding RNA HULC is highly up-regulation in human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, the functions of HULC in hepatocarcinogenesis remains unclear.
RT-PCR, Western blotting, Chromatin ...immunoprecipitation (CHIP) assay, RNA Immunoprecipitation (RIP) and tumorignesis test in vitro and in vivo were performed.
HULC is negatively associated with expression of PTEN or miR15a in patients of human liver cancer. Moreover, HULC accelerates malignant progression of liver cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, HULC increasesthe expression of P62 via decreasing mature miR15a. On the other hand, excessive HULC increases the expression of LC3 on the level of transcription and then activates LC3 through Sirt1 (a deacetylase). Notably, HULC enhanced the interplay between LC3 and ATG3. Furthermore, HULC also increases the expression of becline-1(autophagy related gene). Therefore, HULC increases the cellular autophagy by increasing LC3II dependent on Sirt1.Noteworthy, excessive HULC reduces the expression of PTEN, β-catenin and enhances the expression of SAPK/JUNK, PKM2, CDK2, NOTCH1, C-Jun in liver cancer cells. Of significance, our observations also revealed that HULC inhibited PTEN through ubiquitin-proteasome system mediated by autophagy-P62.Ultimately,HULC activates AKT-PI3K-mTOR pathway through inhibiting PTEN in human liver cancer cells.
This study elucidates a novel mechanism that lncRNA HULC produces a vital function during hepatocarcinogenesis.
•Volatiles variations were inversely related with changes of fixed carbon.•A factor analysis method combining qualitative and quantitative was proposed.•Heat transfer mechanism of coal low ...temperature oxidation process was investigated.•Correlation between thermal properties and proximate analysis was approached.
The low temperature oxidation of coal is a contradictory and unified dynamic process of coexisting mass and heat transfer. The thermophysical properties are crucial during coal spontaneous combustion. In the current paper, the variations of moisture, ash, volatiles, fixed carbon and thermophysical properties (thermal diffusivity, specific heat and thermal conductivity) of three coal samples from 30 °C to 300 °C were studied, and their grey correlation was analyzed. The results indicated that with the increase of temperature, the free moisture of Coals A and B decreased first but then increased, while the free moisture of Coal C kept decreasing without a later increase. The variation of surface moisture was consistent with that of free moisture. The trend of volatiles and fixed carbon was completely the opposite, showing a significant negative correlation. Ash was less affected by temperature. Along with the rise of temperature, the thermal diffusivity of three coal samples decreased first but later increased, and the specific heat was always in a state of increasing. The change in thermal conductivity was mainly affected by specific heat. By calculating the grey correlation degree, the major factors affecting the thermophysical properties were obtained.
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