Three sets of ternary ceramics in the compositions of 0.35Pb(In
1/2
Nb
1/2
)O
3
–(0.65−
y
)Pb(Zn
1/3
Nb
2/3
)O
3
–
y
PbTiO
3
(
y
= 0.22–0.29), 0.40Pb(In
1/2
Nb
1/2
)O
3
–(0.60–
y
)Pb(Zn
1/3
Nb
2/3
...)O
3
–
y
PbTiO
3
(
y
= 0.24–0.32), and 0.50Pb(In
1/2
Nb
1/2
)O
3
–(0.50–
y
)Pb(Zn
1/3
Nb
2/3
)O
3
–
y
PbTiO
3
(
y
= 0.27–0.37) near the morphotropic phase boundary (MPB) were fabricated by a two-step solid-phase synthesis route. The structure, electrical properties, and temperature stability of piezoelectric ceramics were studied. Structural analysis revealed that all ceramics exhibited pure perovskite phase and dense microstructure. In our chosen compositions, the maximum piezoelectric coefficient
d
33
= 589 pC/N and electromechanical coupling factor
k
p
= 0.59 are presented for 0.35PIN–0.40PZN–0.25PT, the highest rhombohedral to tetragonal phase transformation temperature
T
R-T
on the order of 187 °C is observed in the 0.50PIN–0.23PZN–0.27PT composition with a Curie temperature
T
C
= 269 °C, 0.40PIN–0.33PZN–0.27PT, and 0.40PIN–0.32PZN–0.28PT ceramics do not depolarize at temperatures up to 230 °C. Considering the relatively high
T
C
(255 °C)
,
d
33
(523 pC/N) and good thermal stability, 0.40PIN–0.33PZN–0.27PT is very promising for high-temperature piezoelectric applications. On this basis, a property-composition diagram around MPB in PIN–PZN–PT system was also established.
The purpose of this study is to examine whether there is an association between intelligence and prosocial behavior (PSB), and whether this association is mediated by empathy and moral identity. ...Chinese version of the Raven's Standard Progressive Matrices, the Self-Report Altruism Scale Distinguished by the Recipient, Interpersonal Reactivity Index, and the Internalization subscale of the Self-Importance of Moral Identity Scale were administered to 518 (N female = 254, M age = 19.79) undergraduate students. The results showed that fluid intelligence was significantly correlated with self-reported PSB; moral identity, perspective taking, and empathic concern could account for the positive association between intelligence and PSB; the mediation effects of moral identity and empathy were consistent across gender.
•Intelligence is associated with self-reported prosocial behavior in daily life.•Higher intelligence is contributive to emotional sensitivity and a greater concern for others.•Highly intelligent individual is more likely to self-identify as a moral person.•The intelligence-prosociality association is mediated by perspective taking, empathic concern and moral identity.
A Pb(In1/2Nb1/2)O3–Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3–PbTiO3 relaxor ferroelectric single crystal with a 5” diameter and 145 mm length was grown by the modified Bridgman method. The composition distribution of the ...crystal boule was investigated. The result showed that the PbTiO3 contents increased along the growth direction, which means that compositional segregation existed, and the effective segregation coefficient was simulated to be 0.84, which is close to that of 3” single crystal. The horizontal composition distribution in the crystal demonstrated that the solid-melt interface of the 5” single crystal was serious convex during crystal growth and was caused by the nonuniform radial thermal field of the large melt. The dielectric, piezoelectric, ferroelectric properties and domain structures were measured to investigate the effect of the composition change along the crystal growth direction. Based on the domain structure and electrical performance, the crystal boule was divided into rhombohedral, morphotropic phase boundary and tetragonal regions. It was found that the optimal piezoelectric coefficient d33 of the 5” single crystal was more than 2000 pC/N. This work provided positive information for large sized single crystal growth of a relaxor ferroelectric single crystal.
•The 5'' diameter by 145 mm long of PIN-PMN-PT crystal along 110 direction was grown by the modified Bridgeman method.•The compositions of single crystal samples along the crystal growth direction and horizontal direction were measured for compositional segregation and horizontal component distribution effect of 5 inches single crystal growth.•The dielectric, piezoelectric and ferroelectric properties of 001C samples along the crystal growth direction were investigated. Considering the performance of all samples, the crystal in the rhombohedral phase near MPB are suitable for engineering applications.
How future multiple tropical cyclone events (MTCEs) could change is crucial for effective risk management and ensuring human safety, however, it remains unclear. This study projects changes in MTCEs ...by 2050 in the major basins of the Northern Hemisphere using high‐resolution climate models. Results show a significant increase in the frequency and duration of MTCEs over the North Atlantic (NA), a notable decrease over the western North Pacific (WNP), and little change over the eastern North Pacific (ENP). The increase in MTCEs over the NA is concentrated in August–September, while the decrease over the WNP occurs in most months. In contrast, the ENP exhibits large yet insignificant seasonal variation, suggesting considerable uncertainty in this basin. Further analysis shows that mid‐level vertical motion dominates the MTCE changes over the WNP, while vertical wind shear contributes the most to the NA, which may be linked to future changes in tropical convection.
Plain Language Summary
Multiple tropical cyclone (TC) events (MTCEs), that is two or more TCs simultaneously occurring in the same basin, pose great risks to human society. This study projects future changes in the MTCEs by 2050, showing a significant increase over the North Atlantic (NA) while a robust reduction over the western North Pacific (WNP). The future MTCEs over the eastern North Pacific (ENP) show little change relative to the present climate. The increase of MTCEs over the NA is concentrated in August–September, while the decrease over the WNP occurs nearly from April to November. In contrast, there is large yet insignificant seasonal variation over the ENP, which could lead to little change in annual MTCEs. Furthermore, these changes are primarily attributed to the changes in local large‐scale dynamic conditions associated with tropical convection in future decades.
Key Points
The projection of future multiple tropical cyclone events (MTCEs) shows a decline in the western North Pacific (WNP) but a significant increase in the North Atlantic (NA)
The mid‐level vertical motion dominates the MTCE changes over the WNP, while vertical wind shear is important for the NA
Future monthly MTCEs show large yet insignificant seasonal variation over the eastern North Pacific, causing little trend in annual MTCEs
Background: A keloid is a benign skin tumor that extends beyond the initial injury area, and its pathologic mechanism remains unclear. Method: High-throughput sequencing data were obtained from ...normal skin tissue of patients with keloids (Group N) and healthy controls (Group C). Important genes were mined by bioinformatics analysis and identified by RT−qPCR, Western blotting, immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence assays. The CIBERSORT algorithm was used to convert gene expression information into immune cell information. Flow cytometry was used to verify the key immune cells. Fluorescence-activated cell sorting coculture and CCK8 experiments were used to explore the effect of CD8+ T cells on keloid-associated fibroblasts. Neural network models were used to construct associations among CD28, CD8+ T cells and the severity of keloids and to identify high-risk values. Result: The expression levels of costimulatory molecules (CD28, CD80, CD86 and CD40L) in the skin tissue of patients with keloids were higher than the levels in healthy people (p < 0.05). The number of CD8+ T cells was significantly higher in Group N than in Group C (p < 0.05). The fluorescence intensities of CD28 and CD8+ T cells in Group N were significantly higher than those in Group C (p = 0.0051). The number and viability of fibroblasts cocultured with CD8+ T cells were significantly reduced compared with those of the control (p < 0.05). The expression of CD28 and CD8+ T cells as the input layer may be predictors of the severity of keloids with mVSS as the output layer. The high-risk early warning indicator for CD28 is 10−34, and the high-risk predictive indicator for CD8+ T cells is 13−28. Conclusions: The abnormal expression of costimulatory molecules may lead to the abnormal activation of CD8+ T cells. CD8+ T cells may drive keloid-associated immunosuppression. The expression of CD28 and CD8+ T cells as an input layer may be a predictor of keloid severity. CD28 and CD8+ T cells play an important role in the development of keloids.
Barnacles and bivalves are two well-known sessile invertebrates that play important roles in marine ecosystems. Microplastic (MP) pollution has attracted widespread attention. Barnacles and wild ...bivalves are smaller than farmed individuals; thus, they may be more sensitive to MPs. However, less is known about the abundance and spatial distribution of MPs in wild bivalves along with the coastal areas of China. This study evaluates MP pollution in the most abundant bivalves and barnacles (
Crassostrea gigas
,
Ostrea cucullata
,
Mytilus edulis
, and
Balanus albicostatus
) at five stations in the intertidal zone of the Yellow Sea.
B. albicostatus
was divided into ecotype A and ecotype B. The abundance of MPs in barnacles, wild bivalves barnacles, and wild bivalves varied from 0 to 2.25 items/individual and 0 to 118.21 items/g.
O. cucullata
and
B. albicostatus
(ecotype A) had the highest abundance of MPs, with average abundances of 0.56 ± 0.36 items/individual and 21.59 ± 27.26 items/g, respectively. The types of MPs found in bivalves and barnacles include fibers, fragments, films, and microbeads. The most abundant size was less than 1,000 μm, which accounted for 53% of the total MPs. Cellophane (CP), polypropylene (PP), polyethylene (PE), and polyethylene terephthalate (PET) were the main polymer types in bivalves and barnacles. This study suggests that the abundance of MPs in wild bivalves is close to that of farmed bivalves with commercial specifications, despite their smaller size. The MP abundance of barnacles in the Yellow Sea is higher than that in other areas in terms of items per gram. In addition, the ecological type may affect the ability of barnacles to accumulate MPs. Ingestion of MPs by barnacles and wild bivalves should be of concern because they may enter the human body through the food web and may pose a potential threat to human health.
Passive microwave (PM) observations have been used to monitor ice retreat in the Arctic. However, various PM sea ice concentration (SIC) algorithms are prone to underestimate ice fraction during ...summer. We evaluated the accuracy of 2002–2019 low SICs in the Central Arctic Ocean of four PM products from the University of Bremen, the National Snow and Ice Data Center (NSIDC), and the Ocean and Sea Ice Satellite Application Facility (OSI SAF), and two reanalysis data sets from the fifth generation of European ReAnalysis (ERA5) and the Modern‐Era Retrospective analysis for Research and Applications, Version 2 (MERRA‐2). Three reference fields were used: (a) Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) and Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) true‐color composites, (b) MODIS sea ice extent, and (c) multi‐product ensemble (MPE‐SIC) comprising the median of collocated SIC estimates. Our results indicate SICs derived from the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer ‐ Earth Observing System (AMSR‐E) and the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer 2 (AMSR2) high frequency channels have the best accuracy. Reanalysis SICs indicate almost identical patterns as their remote sensing inputs. The assessment shows that the Bremen (+1.06%) and NSIDC (+0.99%) SICs are higher than the median field, while the OSI‐401 (−6.65%) and OSI‐408 (−4.64%) have negative mean deviations. The mean error of MODIS‐derived SIC (−0.80%) is smaller than PM SICs. These small mean values belie wide distributions of values. The correlation coefficients of pairs of time series of Low sea‐Ice Concentration Index range from 0.37 to 0.96.
Key Points
We compared Arctic sea ice concentration (SIC) using passive microwave (PM), optical, and reanalysis data sets for the summers of 2002–2019
The correlation coefficients of pairs of time series of Low sea‐Ice Concentration Index range from 0.37 to 0.96
The average differences between multi‐product ensemble (MPE‐SIC) and PM SIC range from −6.65% to +1.09%
Background
Using the keloid “epidermis” to cover a wound is widely used during treatment for keloids. Many flap terminologies have been used in literature. However, the definition of the flap is not ...well established. Here, we refined the definition of the flap and associated terminology and explored the survival mechanism of the ‘flap’ through histological analysis and blood supply studying.
Methods
Histology and vascular study of keloid was carried out with keloid and its surrounding normal skin tissue which were collected from keloid patients following keloid resection operations. The histological structures and thicknesses of epidermal and subepidermal of the keloids were analyzed and measured using hematoxylin & eosin (H&E) staining. Vascular density and blood perfusion in the subepidermal layer of keloids (KDS) were analyzed using CD31 immunohistochemical staining and a laser speckle contrast imaging system (LSCI), respectively. The vascular network in KDS was visualized by CD31 immunofluorescence staining and three-dimensional reconstruction.
Results
29 pieces of keloid and its surrounding normal skin tissue sample from ten patients were collected. Keloid samples were about 2 cm wide and 5 cm long. The normal skin samples were about 2 to 3 mm in width. The thickness of epidermal layer of keloids was (136.4 ± 35.3) μm, and the thickness of epidermal layer of surrounding normal skin was (78.8 ± 13.9) μm. There was statistical thickness difference between the two layers,
t
(20) = 7.469,
P
< 0.001. The total thickness of keloid epidermal and subepidermal layers was 391.4 ± 2.3 μm. The vascular density (13.9 ± 3.4/field) and blood flow perfusion (132.7 ± 31.3) PU in KDS were greater than that of surrounding normal skin (7.8 ± 2.3/field, 73.9 ± 17.9 PU),
P
< 0.001. Horizontally distributed vessels with several vertical branches were observed in 3D vascular network reconstruction.
Conclusion
The epidermal layer of keloid is thicker than that of surrounding normal skin. There is a vascular network structure under it. The vessels mainly locate at a depth of about 150 to 400 μm from the surface of keloid epidermis, randomly distribute and run parallel to the epidermis. Based on these characteristics which may ensure an adequate blood supply, we propose the concept of a “keloid subepidermal vascular network flap.”
Level of Evidence V
This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors
www.springer.com/00266
.
Keloids, characterized by skin fibrosis and excessive accumulation of extracellular matrix, remain a therapeutic challenge. In this study, we systematically capture the cellular composition of ...keloids by the single-cell RNA sequencing technique. Our results indicated that there are significant differences in most cell types present between 12 pairs of keloid and adjacent normal tissue. We found that fibroblasts, endothelial cells, mast cells, mural cells, and Schwann cells increased significantly in keloid. The proportion of mesenchymal fibroblast subpopulations in keloids was markedly higher than those in the surrounding normal skin tissue. Furthermore, we found that the immune profiles between two groups varied significantly. The proportion of macrophages in the keloid was significantly elevated compared to the surrounding normal tissue, while cDC2 cells significantly decreased. Hotspot and pseudotime trajectory analysis indicated two modules of macrophage cells (Module2: highly expresses RNASE1, C1QA, CD163, CD14, C1QC, FCGRT, MS4A7; Module10: highly expresses APOC1, CTSB, CTSL, TYROBP), which exhibited the characteristics of tumor-associated macrophages, were upregulated in more-advanced keloid cells. Subsequently, the analysis of cellular communication networks suggested that a macrophage-centered communication regulatory network may exist in keloids and that fibroblasts in keloids may facilitate the transition and proliferation of M2 macrophages, which contributes to further comprehension of the immunological features of keloids. Overall, we delineate the immunology landscape of keloids and present new insights into the mechanisms involved in its formation in this study.
Polyacrylamide hydrogel (PAHG) was once used as breast augmentation material in China. Hydrogel migration is one of the major complications, but reports of long-distance migration have been rare. We ...describe a woman who suffered from hydrogel migration from the breast to the upper arm 19 years after PAHG breast augmentation.
