Abstract
The recent extremely bright gamma-ray burst (GRB) from a binary neutron star merger, GRB 230307A, may offer a good probe for the production of GRB neutrinos. Within the constraint from ...IceCube neutrino nondetection, the limits for key physical parameters of this burst are extracted in different scenarios, including the fireball, Poynting-flux-dominated, and hybrid jet. Different from the former nearby “monsters” and due to its smaller isotropic equivalent radiated energy (
E
γ
,iso
∼ 4 × 10
52
erg), the constraint seems loose if nonthermal neutrinos produced from photomeson interactions are the only consideration. However, a quasi-thermal neutrino emission from hadronuclear processes is constrained in this neutron-rich postmerger environment, and the upper limit of the allowed nucleon loading factor is ∼a few. Based on this, a discussion is presented on the possible prompt emission mechanism and jet composition for GRB 230307A in the context of multimessenger astrophysics. It is worth noting that until now, no GRB neutrinos have been ever detected, even for the two brightest nearby GRBs ever observed (GRB 221009A and GRB 230307A), which have different dissipation mechanisms.
Sustainable remediation is a goal in the remediation industry. Thermal treatment can remediate contaminated sites quickly and reliably, but its energy-intensive nature and potential to damage soil ...properties make it seemingly not sustainable. This review evaluates the potential for thermal treatment to become a sustainable remediation technology based on a comprehensive analysis of the scientific literature. The fundamentals, advantages, and limitations of single thermal treatment technologies are summarized. The compatibility and advantages of thermal treatment coupled with thermal, physicochemical, or biological technologies are reviewed. The results suggest that ingeniously designed coupled technologies can improve the availability and removal efficiency of contaminant, suppress the production of toxic byproduct, and reduce the required heating temperature and energy input. The sustainability of thermal treatment is then discussed from the perspectives of energy efficiency and land reuse. Approaches for improving energy efficiency include applying solar energy-based technologies, smoldering-based technologies, and coupled technologies. For land reuse, heating below 250 °C has negligible adverse impacts on most soil properties, and can increase nutrient availability and release dissolved organic carbon to support the growth of microorganisms and plants. Heating above 250 °C can significantly reduce soil organic matter and clay content, which decreases the soil cation exchange capacity and water holding capacity, and consequently damages the soil fertility. Some restoration strategies are also proposed for the recovery of soil quality. In addition, thermally remediated soil is considered to be a good candidate as an engineering medium for construction. This review concludes with an outlook of future research efforts that will further shift thermal treatment toward sustainable remediation.
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•Thermal treatment, as well as thermal-coupled technologies, are reviewed.•Approaches for improving energy efficiency are summarized.•A threshold of 250 °C was chosen to define how heating alters soil properties.•Perspectives on future research are provided.
Thermal treatment for contaminated soils holds great potential as a sustainable remediation technology in terms of energy efficiency and land reuse.
DNA outperforms most conventional storage media in terms of information retention time, physical density, and volumetric coding capacity. Advances in synthesis and sequencing technologies have ...enabled implementations of large synthetic DNA databases with impressive storage capacity and reliable data recovery. Several robust DNA storage architectures featuring random access, error correction, and content rewritability have been constructed with the potential for scalability and cost reduction. We survey these recent achievements and discuss alternative routes for overcoming the hurdles of engineering practical DNA storage systems. We also review recent exciting work on in vivo DNA memory including intracellular recorders constructed by programmable genome editing tools. Besides information storage, DNA could serve as a versatile molecular computing substrate. We highlight several state-of-the-art DNA computing techniques such as strand displacement, localized hybridization chain reactions, and enzymatic reaction networks. We summarize how these simple primitives have facilitated rational designs and implementations of in vitro DNA reaction networks that emulate digital/analog circuits, artificial neural networks, or nonlinear dynamic systems. We envision these modular primitives could be strategically adapted for sophisticated database operations and massively parallel computations on DNA databases. We also highlight in vivo DNA computing modules such as CRISPR logic gates for building scalable genetic circuits in living cells. To conclude, we discuss various implications and challenges of DNA-based storage and computing, and we particularly encourage innovative work on bridging these two areas of research to further explore molecular parallelism and near-data processing. Such integrated molecular systems could lead to far-reaching applications in biocomputing, security, and medicine.
Glucose sensors based blood glucose detection are of great significance for the diagnosis and treatment of diabetes because diabetes has aroused wide concern in the world. In this study, bovine serum ...albumin (BSA) was used to cross-link glucose oxidase (GOD) on a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) modified by a composite of hydroxy fullerene (HFs) and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and protected with a glutaraldehyde (GLA)/Nafion (NF) composite membrane to prepare a novel glucose biosensor. The modified materials were analyzed by UV-visible spectroscopy (UV-vis), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and cyclic voltammetry (CV). The prepared MWCNTs-HFs composite has excellent conductivity, the addition of BSA regulates MWCNTs-HFs hydrophobicity and biocompatibility, and better immobilizes GOD on MWCNTs-HFs. MWCNTs-BSA-HFs plays a synergistic role in the electrochemical response to glucose. The biosensor shows high sensitivity (167 μA·mM
·cm
), wide calibration range (0.01-3.5 mM), and low detection limit (17 μM). The apparent Michaelis-Menten constant Kmapp is 119 μM. Additionally, the proposed biosensor has good selectivity and excellent storage stability (120 days). The practicability of the biosensor was evaluated in real plasma samples, and the recovery rate was satisfactory.
Versatile electrocatalysis at higher current densities for natural seawater splitting to produce hydrogen demands active and robust catalysts to overcome the severe chloride corrosion, competing ...chlorine evolution, and catalyst poisoning. Hereto, the core‐shell‐structured heterostructures composed of amorphous NiFe hydroxide layer capped Ni3S2 nanopyramids which are directly grown on nickel foam skeleton (NiS@LDH/NF) are rationally prepared to regulate cooperatively electronic structure and mass transport for boosting oxygen evolution reaction (OER) performance at larger current densities. The prepared NiS@LDH/NF delivers the anodic current density of 1000 mA cm−2 at the overpotential of 341 mV in 1.0 m KOH seawater. The feasible surface reconstruction of Ni3S2‐FeNi LDH interfaces improves the chemical stability and corrosion resistance, ensuring the robust electrocatalytic activity in seawater electrolytes for continuous and stable oxygen evolution without any hypochlorite production. Meanwhile, the designed Ni3S2 nanopyramids coated with FeNi2P layer (NiS@FeNiP/NF) still exhibit the improved hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) activity in 1.0 m KOH seawater. Furthermore, the NiS@FeNiP/NF||NiS@LDH/NF pair requires cell voltage of 1.636 V to attain 100 mA cm−2 with a 100% Faradaic efficiency, exhibiting tremendous potential for hydrogen production from seawater.
Herein, core‐shell structured Ni3S2‐FeNi layer double hydroxides (LDH) heterointerfaces are rationally prepared. Abundant hydroxide/sulfide interfaces boost alkaline water oxidation. Impressively, electrochemical results indicate that the in situ formed sulfate layer in LDH shell largely enhances the corrosion resistance of the catalysts in the alkaline salty‐water electrolytes.
The abundances of trace elements including Sr, Ga and rare earth elements (REE) and halogens in apatite crystals from four intermediate-felsic plutons in the Zhongdian terrane in the Sanjiang region ...have been determined using electron microprobe and laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry to evaluate the potential of apatite as a petrogenic-metallogenic indicator. The selected plutons include one that is not mineralized (the Triassic Xiuwacu pluton, or the TXWC pluton), one that hosts a porphyry-type Cu deposit (the Pulang pluton, or the PL pluton), one that hosts a porphyry-type Mo deposit (the Tongchanggou pluton, or the TCG pluton), and one that hosts a vein-type Mo deposit (the Cretaceous Xiuwacu pluton, or the CXWC pluton). Except for the CXWC pluton, the other three plutons have adakite-like trace element signatures in whole rocks. The results from this study show that REE, Sr and halogens in apatite can be used to track magma compositions, oxidation states and crystallization history. Apatite crystals from the adakite-like plutons are characterized by much higher Sr/Y and δEu than the non-adakite-type pluton. This means that apatite, which is not susceptible to alteration, is a useful tool for identifying the adakite-like plutons that no longer preserve the initial Sr/Y ratios in whole rocks due to weathering and hydrothermal alteration. Based on apatite Ga contents and δEu values, it is inferred that the parental magmas for the two adakite-like plutons containing porphyry-type Cu and Mo mineralization are more oxidized than that for the non-adakite-type pluton containing vein-type Mo mineralization. Apatite crystals from the vein-type Mo deposit have much lower Cl/F ratios than those from the porphyry-type Cu and Mo deposits. Apatite crystals from the adakite-like pluton without Cu or Mo mineralization is characterized by much lower Cl/F ratios than those from the adakite-like plutons that host the porphyry-type Cu and Mo deposits. The results from this study confirm the apatite is a useful petrogenetic indicator as well as mineral exploration tool.
•Sr, REE and halogens in apatite can track magmas compositions and crystallization history.•The positive correlation of Ga contents with Eu negative anomalies in apatite can indicate oxidation states of magmas.•The combination of Sr/Y ratios and δEu in apatite can identify adakite-like plutons.•Apatite compositions can reveal different magmatic conditions associated with porphyry-type Cu and Mo mineralization, vein-type Mo mineralization and barren mineralization.
Abstract
As the brightest gamma-ray burst (GRB) ever detected, GRB 221009A may offer a chance that reveals some interesting features that are hidden in those bursts that are not so bright. There ...seems to be a very weak emission with a flux of 10
−8
∼ 10
−7
erg cm
−2
s
−1
between the first pulse (
T
0
∼
T
0
+ 50 s;
T
0
is the trigger time) and the main burst (which appears from
T
0
+ 180 s). Thus, the gap time between them is not really quiescent, and the first pulse could be taken as an unconventional precursor, which may provide a peculiar case study for GRB precursor phenomena. A two-stage collapsar scenario is proposed as the most likely origin for this burst. In this model, the jet for the precursor is produced during the initial core-collapse phase, and should be weak enough not to disrupt the star when it breaks out of the envelope, so that the fallback accretion process and the forming of the disk could continue. We present an approach in which the duration and flux both provide constraints on the luminosity (
L
j
) and the Lorentz factor at the breakout time (Γ
b
) of this weak jet. The estimated
L
j
≲ 10
49
erg s
−1
and Γ
b
has an order of 10, which are well consistent with the theoretical prediction. Besides, the weak emission in the gap time could be interpreted as an MHD outflow due to a magnetically driven wind during the period from the proto-neutron-star phase to the forming of the accretion disk in this scenario.
Abstract
Some quasi-thermal (QT)-dominated gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) could be well described by a multicolor blackbody (mBB) function or a combined model of a BB plus a nonthermal (NT) component. In ...this analysis, two QT radiation-dominated bursts with known emission properties (GRB 210610B, likely from a hybrid jet, and GRB 210121A, with a spectrum consistent with nondissipative photospheric emission from a pure hot fireball) are used to make a comparison between these two models. To diagnose the magnetization properties of the central engine, the “top-down” approach proposed by Gao and Zhang is adopted. It is found that diagnoses based on these two models provide similar conclusions qualitatively; however, the model with mBB (or mBB+NT) may give more reasonable physical explanations. This implies that impacts from the GRB jet structure and geometrical broadening on the observed spectrum should be considered. However, conservatively, these methods may be not sensitive enough to distinguish between a pure hot fireball and a mildly magnetized hybrid jet. Some other information is necessary to provide more evidence when determining the jet properties for similar GRBs. Based on these considerations, we suggest that the photospheric emission of GRB 221022B is from a hot jet, where dissipation is caused by an internal shock mechanism due to the increasing Lorentz factor with time, which makes its prompt emission display typical evolution from thermal to NT.
A double-edged sword: DLG5 in diseases Song, Xin-qiu; Li, Qian; Zhang, Jing
Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy,
June 2023, 2023-Jun, 2023-06-00, 20230601, 2023-06-01, Volume:
162
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Open access
Discs large homolog 5 (DLG5), a key member of the membrane-associated guanylate kinase (MAGUKs) family, is a scaffold molecule for signal transduction complexes and is responsible for assembling ...receptors and adapters. This scaffold protein stabilizes adhesion and tight bonding complexes in many organs and tissues, and is involved of maintaining epithelial polarity. Although DLG5 plays a role in normal development in mice, it has also been linked to the onset and development of several diseases, particularly Crohn's disease and various malignancies. DLG5 has been shown to impact the progression of cancer through direct or indirect interactions with H-catenin, E-cadherin, Vimentin, p53, P21, Cyclin D1, TGF-β1, AKT, Hippo, and classic G protein signaling pathways. DLG5 and DLG5 variants has been found to have a dual role in human diseases. Although it is overexpressed in pancreatic adenocarcinoma, its expression is reduced in lung, liver, breast, prostate, and bladder cancers. However, two independent studies on glioblastoma (GBM) have shown the opposite effects of DLG5. Our study evaluates the existing literature on the role of DLG5 and DLG5 variants in disease processes, and summarizes the available data on the role of DLG5 in disease based on cell experiments, clinical samples, and animal models, while highlighting its future potential in disease treatment.
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•DLG5 has a dual role in disease.•DLG5 is a candidate gene for melanoma and colorectal cancer.•DLG5 variants linked to higher CD/IBD risk in diverse populations.•DLG5 has been linked to Alzheimer's Disease.•DLG5 has been linked to some rare diseases.
Heterogeneous electrocatalysis typically depends on the surface electronic states of active sites. Modulating the surface charge state of an electrocatalysts can be employed to improve performance. ...Among all the investigated materials, nickel (Ni)‐based catalysts are the only non‐noble‐metal‐based alternatives for both hydrogen oxidation and evolution reactions (HOR and HER) in alkaline electrolyte, while their activities should be further improved because of the unfavorable hydrogen adsorption behavior. Hereto, Ni with exceptional HOR electrocatalytic performance by changing the d‐band center by metal oxides interface coupling formed in situ is endowed. The resultant MoO2 coupled Ni heterostructures exhibit an apparent HOR activity, even approaching to that of commercial 20% Pt/C benchmark, but with better long‐term stability in alkaline electrolyte. An exceptional HER performance is also achieved by the Ni‐MoO2 heterostructures. The experiment results are rationalized by the theoretical calculations, which indicate that coupling MoO2 with Ni results in the downshift of d‐band center of Ni, and thus weakens hydrogen adsorption and benefits for hydroxyl adsorption. This concept is further proved by other metal oxides (e.g., CeO2, V2O3, WO3, Cr2O3)‐formed Ni‐based heterostructures to engineer efficient hydrogen electrocatalysts.
Herein, Ni with prominent hydrogen oxidation reaction (HOR) performance by tailoring d‐band center through transition metal oxides interface coupling formed in situ is endowed. The MoO2 coupled Ni heterostructures exhibit an apparent HOR and hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) activity, close to commercial 20% Pt/C. This concept is further proved by other metal oxides (e.g., CeO2, V2O3, WO3, Cr2O3) formed Ni‐based heterostructures to engineer efficient hydrogen electrocatalysts.
