Lung cancer is the most common and fatal malignant tumor in the world. The tumor microenvironment (TME) is closely related to the occurrence and development of lung cancer, in which the inflammatory ...microenvironment plays an important role. Inflammatory cells and inflammatory factors in the tumor inflammatory microenvironment promote the activation of the NF-κB and STAT3 inflammatory pathways and the occurrence, development, and metastasis of lung cancer by promoting immune escape, tumor angiogenesis, epithelial–mesenchymal transition, apoptosis, and other mechanisms. Clinical and epidemiological studies have also shown a strong relationship among chronic infection, inflammation, inflammatory microenvironment, and lung cancer. The relationship between inflammation and lung cancer can be better understood through the gradual understanding of the tumor inflammatory microenvironment, which is advantageous to find more therapeutic targets for lung cancer.
Exam arrangement is an important daily work of examination management and examination affairs. Scientific, reasonable, efficient test schedule, have very important meaning for improving the ...reliability of the examination. Based on the daily examination of the relevant examination seat layout requirements, this paper presents an efficient improved divide and conquer mixed selection algorithm and achieves good results in practical applications.
The motion of main rotor head of helicopter rotor system is complex. Its reliability influences flying qualities and safety of helicopter directly. But, traditional experiments and deterministic ...simulation have been difficult to measure movement (flapping, lead-laging and pitching angles) and analyze motion reliability of main rotor head quantitatively. The virtual prototype model was built in the integrating simulation environment, which integrated Catia, MSC. Simdesigner and Adams. On the platform of Adams, we used the deformation of torsional spring to fit the moving angles. The kinematic and dynamic properties were simulated and analyzed deterministically. According to the compared result with the test data, it is shown that the virtual prototype is true and the result is feasible. Finally, we implemented reliability software-ARES which has been developed independently to call Adams and computed the flapping reliability quantitatively. The reliability and the sensitive parameters were obtained. Combined with the results and practical engineering, we presented an effective way to improve the flapping reliability from 0.9904 to 0.9993.
Recently, the development of new fluorescent probes for the ratiometric detection of target objects inside living cells has received great attention. Normally, the preparation, modification as well ...as conjugation procedures of these probes are complicated. On this basis, great efforts have been paid to establish convenient method for the preparation of dual emissive nanosensor. In this work, a functional dual emissive carbon dots (dCDs) was prepared by a one-pot hydrothermal carbonization method. The dCDs exhibits two distinctive fluorescence emission peaks at 440 and 624 nm with the excitation at 380 nm. Different from the commonly reported dCDs, this probe exhibited an interesting wavelength dependent dual responsive functionality toward lysine (440 nm) and pH (624 nm), enabling the ratiometric detection of these two targets. The quantitative analysis displayed that a linear range of 0.5–260 μM with a detection limit of 94 nM toward lysine and the differentiation of pH variation from 1.5 to 5.0 could be readily realized in a ratiometric strategy, which was not reported before with other carbon dots (CDs) as the probe. Furthermore, because of the low cytotoxicity, good optical and colloidal stability, and excellent wavelength dependent sensitivity and selectivity toward lysine and pH, this probe was successfully applied to monitor the dynamic variation of lysine and pH in cellular systems, demonstrating the promising applicability for biosensing in the future.
The stress gradient hypothesis predicts that plant-plant interactions switch between facilitation (positive) and competition (negative) along environmental gradients, with facilitation being more ...common under high abiotic stress conditions relative to more moderate abiotic stress conditions. Our aim was to reveal, whether the interactions between Populus purdomii Rehder and Salix rehderiana Schneider switch from positive to negative during the early stages of primary succession in the Gongga Mountain glacier retreat region. We also investigated, whether soil age is a major driving factor for the transformation of interactions between neighboring plants. We analyzed differences between intraspecific interactions and interspecific interactions of Populus and Salix under 20- and 40-year-old soil conditions, including plant biomass accumulation and allocation, nutrient absorption and utilization, relative competition intensity, non-structural carbohydrates, foliar carbon and nitrogen isotope composition, mesophyll cell ultrastructure, soil microbial biomass and community structure, extracellular enzyme activities, and soil organic carbon (SOC), soil total nitrogen (TN), soil ammonium (NH4+-N), and soil nitrate (NO3−-N) contents. We found that P. purdomii and S. rehderiana growing under interspecific interactions had greater contents of aboveground dry matter, belowground dry matter and total dry matter compared to intraspecific interactions in 20-year-old soil. Furthermore, in 40-year-old soil conditions, the phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) analysis showed that Populus and Salix exposed to interspecific interactions exhibited lower amounts of gram-positive bacteria, fungi (18,1 ω9c) and actinomycetes, and lower levels of total PLFAs than those growing under intraspecific interactions. The redundancy analysis (RDA) results demonstrated that soil N was the most important parameter contributing to the composition of microbial communities. In addition, the 15N stable isotope labeling method showed that Populus and Salix growing under interspecific interactions had higher foliage δ15N derived from NO3− (δ15N-NO3−) than those growing under intraspecific interactions in 20-year-old soil. In summary, our results demonstrated that Populus-Salix interactions exhibited positive effects on survival in 20-year-old soil. Conversely, under 40-year-old soil conditions, Populus-Salix interactions presented negative effects in relation to nutrients and elimination by neighboring plants. Moreover, soil age is a major driving factor for plant-plant interactions that shift from positive to negative with an increasing soil age in the Gongga Mountain glacier forefield. In all, our results support the stress gradient hypothesis. Our findings improve understanding of plant-plant interactions and plant-soil feedbacks during the early stages of soil development, and of the construction of vegetation communities.
•Facilitation frequently occurring in subalpine environments promotes survival.•Populus-Salix interplay switches from positive to negative during primary succession.•Soil age regulates plant-plant interactions in a subalpine glacier forefield.•Nitrogen availability mediates plant-soil feedbacks between neighboring plants.
Unraveling the dynamics and driving forces of abundant and rare bacteria in response to glacial retreat is essential for a deep understanding of their ecological and evolutionary processes. Here, we ...used Illumina sequencing datasets to investigate ecological abundance, successional dynamics, and the co-occurrence patterns of abundant and rare bacteria associated with different stages of soil development in the
Hailuogou Glacier Chronosequence
. Abundant taxa exhibited ubiquitous distribution and tight clustering, while rare taxa showed uneven distribution and loose clustering along the successional stages. Both abundant and rare subcommunities were driven by different factors during assembly: the interactions of biotic and edaphic factors were the main driving forces, although less important for rare taxa than for the abundant ones. In particular, the redundancy analysis and structural equation modeling showed that soil organic C, pH, and plant richness primarily affected abundant subcommunities, while soil N and pH were most influential for rare subcommunities. More importantly, variation partitioning showed that edaphic factors exhibited a slightly greater influence on both abundant (7.8%) and rare (4.5%) subcommunities compared to biotic factors. Both abundant and rare bacteria exhibited a more compact network topology at the middle than at the other chronosequence stages. The overlapping nodes mainly belonged to Proteobacteria and Acidobacteria in abundant taxa and Planctomycetia, Sphingobacteriia, and Phycisphaerae in rare taxa. In addition, the network analysis showed that the abundant taxa exhibited closer relationships and more influence on other co-occurrences in the community when compared to rare taxa. These findings collectively reveal divergent co-occurrence patterns and driving forces for abundant and rare subcommunities along a glacier forefield chronosequence in the eastern Tibetan Plateau.
This study aims to quantitatively model rather than to presuppose whether or not air pollution in Beijing (China) affects people's activities of daily living (ADLs) based on an Internet of Behaviours ...(IoB), in which IoT sensor data can signal environmental events that can change human behaviour on mass. Peoples' density distribution computed by call detail records (CDRs) and air quality data are used to build a fixed effect model (FEM) to analyse the influence of air pollution on four types of ADLs. The following four effects are discovered: Air pollution negatively impacts people going sightseeing in the afternoon; has a positive impact on people staying-in, in the morning and the middle of the day. Air pollution lowers people's desire to go to restaurants for lunch, but far less so in the evening. As air quality worsens, people tend to decrease their walking and cycling and tend to travel more by bus or subway. We also find a monotonically decreasing nonlinear relationship between air quality index and the average CDR-based distance for each person of two citizen groups that go walking or cycling. Our key and novel contributions are that we first define IoB as a ubiquitous concept. Based on this, we propose a methodology to better understand the link between bad air pollution events and citizens' activities of daily life. We applied this methodology in the first comprehensive study that provides quantitative evidence of the actual effect, not the presumed effect, that air pollution can significantly affect a wide range of citizens' activities of daily living.
Estimating and mapping population distributions dynamically at a city-wide spatial scale, including those covering suburban areas, has profound, practical, applications such as urban and ...transportation planning, public safety warning, disaster impact assessment and epidemiological modelling, which benefits governments, merchants and citizens. More recently, call detail record (CDR) of mobile phone data has been used to estimate human population distributions. However, there is a key challenge that the accuracy of such a method is difficult to validate because there is no ground truth data for the dynamic population density distribution in time scales such as hourly. In this study, we present a simple and accurate method to generate more finely grained temporal-spatial population density distributions based upon CDR data. We designed an experiment to test our method based upon the use of a deep convolutional generative adversarial network (DCGAN). In this experiment, the highest spatial resolution of every grid cell is 125125 square metre, while the temporal resolution can vary from minutes to hours with varying accuracy. To demonstrate our method, we present an application of how to map the estimated population density distribution dynamically for CDR big data from Beijing, choosing a half hour as the temporal resolution. Finally, in order to cross-check previous studies that claim the population distribution at nighttime (from 8 p.m. to 8 a.m. on the next day) mapped by Beijing census data are similar to the ground truth data, we estimated the baseline distribution, first, based upon records in CDRs. Second, we estimate a baseline distribution based upon Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) data. The results also show the Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) is about 5000 while the two baseline distributions mentioned above have an RMSE of over 13,500. Our estimation method provides a fast and simple process to map people’s actual density distributions at a more finely grained, i.e., hourly, temporal resolution.
The quality of raw water and the current high level of pollution presents a phenomenon of high hardness and micropollution. An experimental study was conducted of the nanofiltration (NF) pilot-scale ...process combined with biological contact oxidation precipitation and ultrafiltration (UF) as the pretreatment process to treat this water. The study investigated the removal efficiency and membrane fouling of the NF process under the continuous and stable operating conditions of the combination process and studied the influence of high-hardness water on the membrane pollution of the combination process. The results showed that the combined process had a positive removal effect on conventional pollutants and characteristic pollutants, and the removal rates of conventional pollutants, such as turbidity, UV254 and CODMn, were 95%, 90% and 85%, respectively. The removal efficiency of total hardness, total alkalinity and soluble total solids reached 98%, 86% and 91%, respectively, and that of total desalination was above 95%. The removal rates of fluorescent organic substances, such as tryptophan, tyrosine, soluble microbial products (SMPs), fulvic acid and humus-like substances, as well as the precursors of disinfection byproducts reached over 88% and 50%, respectively. The pollutant removal efficiency of the combined process was mainly concentrated in the NF unit. The pretreatment process had certain removal effects on turbidity and macromolecular organic substances in the raw water, which provided a perfect operating environment for the NF process. Under long-term operation, the main elements of scaling on the surface of the NF membrane included C, O, Na, Mg, Al, Si, S, Cl, Ca, Ti and Fe, which were mainly concentrated at the outlet of the membrane and mainly came from monomers or compounds composed of inorganic salts in the raw water and some organic compounds. High-hardness water accelerated the change in membrane process parameters, and the surface of the membrane had abundant inorganic scaling. The inorganic scale on the surface of the NF membrane increased noticeably when filtering water with high hardness. Regular cleaning of the UF and NF membranes could effectively restore the parameters of the process and prolong the service life of the membrane process.
•Nanofiltration combined process for processing high hardness water.•Biological contact oxidation precipitation and ultrafiltration as the pretreatment.•Nanofiltration is better than ultrafiltration in removing pollutants.•Membrane surface has abundant inorganic scaling after long-term operation.
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