Background
Circulating genetically abnormal cells (CACs) with specific chromosome variations have been confirmed to be present in non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, the diagnostic ...performance of CAC detection remains unclear. This study aimed to evaluate the potential clinical application of the CAC test for the early diagnosis of NSCLC.
Methods
In this prospective study, a total of 339 participants (261 lung cancer patients and 78 healthy volunteers) were enrolled. An antigen‐independent fluorescence in situ hybridization was used to enumerate the number of CACs in peripheral blood.
Results
Patients with early‐stage NSCLC were found to have a significantly higher number of CACs than those of healthy participants (1.34 vs. 0.19; P < 0.001). The CAC test displayed an area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve of 0.76139 for discriminating stage I NSCLC from healthy participants with 67.2% sensitivity and 80.8% specificity, respectively. Compared with serum tumor markers, the sensitivity of CAC assays for distinguishing early‐stage NSCLC was higher (67.2% vs. 48.7%, P < 0.001), especially in NSCLC patients with small nodules (65.4% vs. 36.5%, P = 0.003) and ground‐glass nodules (pure GGNs: 66.7% vs. 40.9%, P = 0.003; mixed GGNs: 73.0% vs. 43.2%, P < 0.001).
Conclusions
CAC detection in early stage NSCLC was feasible. Our study showed that CACs could be used as a promising noninvasive biomarker for the early diagnosis of NSCLC.
Key points
What this study adds: This study aimed to evaluate the potential clinical application of the CAC test for the early diagnosis of NSCLC.
Significant findings of the study: CAC detection in early stage NSCLC was feasible. Our study showed that CACs could be used as a promising noninvasive biomarker for the early diagnosis of NSCLC.
Workflow of circulating genetically abnormal cells enumeration.
Circulating genetically abnormal cell detection in early stage non‐small‐cell lung cancer was feasible.
Circulating genetically abnormal cell test has good stability and adaptability for different patient populations.
Circulating genetically abnormal cells could be used as a promising noninvasive biomarker for the early diagnosis of NSCLC.
Remote functionalization reactions have the power to transform a C−H (or C−C) bond at a distant position from a functional group. In the past few years, this strategy started to be practiced for the ...construction of versatile organofluorine compounds, such as remote fluorination, trifluoromethylation, difluoromethylation, trifluoromethylthiolation, and fluoroalkenation reactions. In this context, this Review aims to highlight key representative advances and breakthroughs in remote fluorination and fluoroalkyl(thiol)ation reactions with a particular emphasis on the control of reactivity and selectivity. For more details see the Review by I. Marek, F.‐G. Zhang, et al. on page 15378 ff.
Display omitted
•Mesoporous SnO2 hierarchical architectures were simply fabricated by using waste scallion root.•The sensor realizes the accurate detection of ppb-level H2S gas under highly humid ...atmosphere.•The sensor represents the lowest detection limit of 0.5 ppb among all reported SnO2-based sensors.•The sensor has potential applications in pork freshness monitoring and halitosis diagnosing.
Herein, we firstly reported a waste scallion root biotemplate strategy to massively fabricate mesoporous SnO2 hierarchical architectures, which can realize precise detection of ppb-level H2S gas in highly humid atmosphere (RH = 85%). The hierarchical skeleton is made up of the crosslinked nanoparticles of about 13 nm with a layer of nanospheres uniformly loaded on the surface of small-sized particles. Such specially structural characteristic can ensure that SnO2 sensing materials possess large specific surface area and good mesoporous connectivity, enhancing the response and selectivity towards trace H2S in a wide range of 0.5–1000 ppb at low working temperature of 92 °C. Especially, detection limit of 0.5 ppb is the lowest among all reported SnO2-based H2S sensors. Meanwhile, we also monitored the change of trace H2S gas concentration in exhaled breath of healthy human, the decay process of fresh pork in 72 h and the simulated environment of halitosis under high humidity, and the sensor exhibited satisfactory results. Therefore, the mesoporous SnO2 hierarchical structure could be used as a spendable sensing material of detecting ppb-level H2S for the applications in meat freshness monitoring and halitosis diagnosis.
Display omitted
•Biomorphic ZnO microtube with rich defects was prepared by simple and controllable cajuput bark as bio-template.•ZnO-6 sensor exhibits the highest response value of 118 to NO among ...reported metal oxides at low temperature.•The excellent sensing performance root from the synergism of dual defects (VO, Zni) and unique microstructure.•The simple bio-template method provides a new strategy for preparing other oxide materials with rich defects.
Fabrication of diverse surface defects-assisted metal oxide materials is an effective avenue to achieve rapid and accurate detection of harmful gases. Herein, through the confinement effect of tracheids and vesicles in cajuput bark template, biomorphic ZnO hierarchical materials (ZnO-6) constructed from spherical nanoparticles were simply synthesized by zinc salt immersion and calcination at 600 °C in air. Porous ZnO-6 microtubes can greatly improve the rapid transmission and desorption behavior of target gas. Especially, the presence of electron donor dual-defects oxygen vacancy (VO) and zinc interstitial (Zni) can provide more active sites for surface gas adsorption and chemical reactions, thus effectively enhancing the detection ability of ZnO sensing material to toxic NO gas. At a low operating temperature of 92 °C, the high response value of 118 to 10 ppm NO for ZnO-6 sensor is 5.4 times higher than that of as-synthesized template-free ZnO-0 nanoparticles, and also represents the highest response among reported metal oxide-based gas sensors at low energy consumption. Meanwhile, this sensor has rapid recovery characteristic, good selectivity, long-term stability and moisture resistance. Moreover, the surface defects and their induced sensing mechanism are also characterized and explored.
Display omitted
•Porous ZnO hierarchical structure was simply prepared by using hemp fiber as biotemplate.•Hemp fiber template plays a vital role in regulating microstructure and performance of ...ZnO-600.•The ZnO-600 sensor exhibits fast response, high sensitivity and selectivity to trace NO at 92 °C.•The detection limit of 5 ppb NO for ZnO-600 material is the lowest in reported ZnO-based sensors.
Highly sensitive and selective detection of nitric oxide (NO) has recently attracted much attention due to its environmental pollution and biological role. Herein, hierarchical porous ZnO microtubules were simply and massively prepared through zinc salt immersion and air calcination using hemp fiber as biotemplate. The effect of different calcination temperature on the microstructure and gas-sensing performance was investigated. The ZnO-600 microtubules calcined at 600 °C are assembled from the cross-linking nanoparticles with good crystallinity. Especially, the multi-pores and diverse nano-channels are in favor of the quick diffusion and adsorption of target gas, enabling ZnO-600 material to present excellent gas-sensing performance towards trace NO. At low working temperature of 92 °C, the sensor fabricated by ZnO-600 microtubules to NO exhibits high response (10 ppm, S = 78.54), fast response-recovery, good selectivity as well as satisfactory stability and anti-humidity. Meanwhile, this sensor represents the lowest detection limit of 5 ppb (S = 1.22) among all reported ZnO-based sensors. Moreover, the gas-sensing mechanism for ZnO-600 material is demonstrated to be surface adsorption control model.
How to construct low-temperature nitric oxide sensors with fast detecting speed and high sensing response remains challenging. To this end, we simply immersed the waste willow catkins in SnCl4 ...solution, and then calcined the precursors to controllably prepare biotemplate-inherited SnO2 sensing materials. Amongst, the monotubes (marked as SnO2-6) obtained by calcination at 600 °C are cross-linked by small-size nanoparticles, and have homogeneous distribution of mesopores, large specific surface area and rich oxygen vacancies. Synergistic effect of these advantageous structure characteristics greatly accelerates the rapid diffusion of gas molecules in sensing layer, and exposes more surface-active sites to promote their adsorption and chemical reaction, thus ultra-highly and rapidly monitoring NO at low temperature. At 92 °C, SnO2-6 sensor exhibits large response value of 2533 towards 10 ppm NO, which is 15.73 times higher than that of SnO2-7 material. Its response/recovery times are shortened to 49 s/13 s. Meanwhile, it still possesses small practical limit of detection, satisfactory selectivity, long-term stability and moisture resistance. Furthermore, the sensing mechanism was analyzed in detail.
Display omitted
•Porous SnO2 monotubes were simply and controllably prepared by waste willow catkins template.•SnO2-6 sensor realizes ultra-high sensing and rapid detection of trace NO at low energy consumption.•The good sensing performance stems from the synergism of tubular structure and oxygen vacancy.•The economical bio-template method provides a new vision for preparing tubular metal oxide materials.
The development of low-temperature metal oxide-based sensors with high sensing response towards harmful ppb-level gases remains challenging. Based on the idea of biological structure imitation, we ...choose wooden hydrangea petals as biotemplate and carbon source to controllably replicate graphitic carbon-doped SnO2 material (GC/SnO2-6) by simply calcining the salt solution-soaked precursor at 600 °C. Its morphology is tube bundle wrapped by corrugated sheets that formed by cross-linkage of nanoparticles. The internal surface of tube wall is decorated with nanoaggregates. The fabricated GC/SnO2-6 sensor exhibits response value of 256.3 towards 1 ppm NO at 50 ℃, which is 9.9 times higher than that (S = 26.0) of pure SnO2-7 material obtained by calcining at 700 ℃ in air. Meanwhile, this sensor also has short recovery time (42 s), low actual detection limit (50 ppb), satisfactory moisture resistance and long-term stability. Such excellent comprehensive gas-sensing performance is attributed to the homogeneous mesopore and large specific surface area of its biomorphic structure, as well as the synergism of graphitic carbon doping and abundant oxygen vacancies. In addition, the enhanced sensing mechanism is also explored in detail.
Display omitted
•Graphitic carbon-doped SnO2 nanosheets-wrapped tubes were simply and controllably prepared by wood hydrangea petal template.•GC/SnO2-6 sensor realizes the high sensing and rapid detection to ppb-level NO at near room temperature for the first time.•The good sensing performance stems from the synergism of unique microstructure, graphitic carbon doping and oxygen vacancies.•The green and repeatable bio-template method provides a new vision for preparing graphitic carbon-doped metal oxides.
How to achieve high sensing of Cr2O3-based sensors for harmful inorganic gases is still a challenge. To this end, Cr2O3 nanomaterials assembled from different building blocks were simply prepared by ...chromium salt immersion and air calcination with waste scallion roots as the biomass template. The hierarchical architecture calcined at 600 °C is constructed from nanocylinders and nanoellipsoids (named as Cr2O3-600), and also possesses multistage pore distribution for target gas accessibility. Interestingly, the synergism of two shapes of nanocrystals enables the Cr2O3-based sensor to realize highly sensitive detection of trace H2S gas. At 170 °C, Cr2O3-600 exhibits a high response of 42.8 to 100 ppm H2S gas, which is 3.45 times larger than that of Cr2O3-500 assembled from nanocylinders. Meanwhile, this sensor has a low detection limit of 1.0 ppb (S = 1.4), good selectivity, stability, and moisture resistance. These results show that the combination of nanosized cylinders/ellipsoids together with exposed (104) facet can effectively improve the sensing performance of the p-type Cr2O3 material. In addition, the Cr2O3-600 sensor shows satisfactory results for actual monitoring of the corruption process of fresh chicken.
The development of low temperature gas sensor with ultra-high response has important application value for actual monitoring of harmful gases. Herein, we utilized poplar branch (PB) as bio-template ...to synthesize SnO2 sensing material through immersing PB into SnCl4.6 H2O solution, followed by calcining the immersed precursor in air. The material calcined at 600 ℃ (named as SnO2-600) exhibits the hierarchical microtube structure inherited from PB, which is cross-linked by small-sized nanoparticles. Meanwhile, uniform mesoporous structure and abundant oxygen vacancies are also present on the inner and outer surface of SnO2-600 microtubes. The synergistic effect of these microstructure characteristics can not only greatly enhance surface chemical reaction of sensing materials, but also effectively improve surface diffusion, adsorption and desorption behavior of target gas. At 50 ℃, SnO2-600 sensor presents high response value (S = Rg/Ra) of 3411 and rapid recovery time of 17 s to 10 ppm NO2. In addition, the sensor also has low detection limit, good selectivity, satisfactory reproducibility, humidity resistance and long-term stability. Therefore, the present mesoporous SnO2-600 microtubes are available as candidate for detecting NO2 gas at low temperature.
Display omitted
•Mesoporous SnO2-600 microtubes were simply and repeatably prepared from cheap poplar branch as bio-template.•At lower 50 ℃, SnO2-600 sensor presents ultra-high response and rapid recovery time of 17 s to 10 ppm NO2 gas.•The synergism of unique microstructure and oxygen vacancies are highly responsible for excellent sensing performance.•The bio-template method provides a new perspective for the preparation of other oxides with excellent sensing properties.
In this work, biomorphic ZnO materials were prepared by simple and controllable zinc salt immersion plus air calcination method using waste willow catkins as biomass template, which present high ...sensing ability to trace NO2 at low energy consumption. The ZnO hollow nanotube calcined at 500 ℃ was assembled by cross-linkage of small-size nanoparticles with uniform mesoporous distribution and rich oxygen vacancies. The synergistic effect of these microstructure characteristics can not only dramatically promote the rapid gas diffusion on sensing layer, but also greatly increase active sites for surface adsorption and chemical reaction, thus enhancing gas-sensing performance. At low operating temperature of 92 °C, its fabricated sensor exhibits high response of 100.4–10 ppm NO2, which is separately 2.3, 5.6 and 12.1 times larger than those of ZnO hollow nanotube calcined at 600 ℃, thin nanorods (ZnO-TRs) and columnar nanorods (ZnO-CRs). And it is also higher than that of most reported 1-D nanostructured ZnO-based sensors. Meanwhile, this sensor also exhibits high selectivity and satisfactory response-recovery characteristics, as well as excellent humidity resistance and long-term stability. In addition, the enhanced sensing mechanism was also explored in great detail.
Display omitted
•Porous ZnO nanotube rich in oxygen vacancies were simply prepared using waste willow catkins as bio-template.•The satisfactory response of ZnO nanotube sensor to NO2 and real gases indicates its potential application prospect.•The porous ZnO nanotube rich in oxygen vacancies is responsible for its well over-all sensing performance to NO2.•The simple and eco-friendly bio-template method provides a new way for preparing other metal oxides with surface defects.
PDF
