A novel sparsity-based stochastic pooling which integrates the advantages of max-pooling, average-pooling and stochastic pooling is introduced. The proposed pooling is designed to balance the ...advantages and disadvantages of max-pooling and average-pooling by using the degree of sparsity of activations and a control function to obtain an optimized representative feature value ranging from average value to maximum value of a pooling region. The optimized representative feature value is employed for probability weights assignment of activations in normal distribution. The proposed pooling also adopts weighted random sampling with a reservoir for the sampling process to preserve the advantages of stochastic pooling. This proposed pooling is evaluated on several standard datasets in deep learning framework to compare with various classic pooling methods. Experimental results show that it has good performance on improving recognition accuracy. The influence of changes to the feature parameter on recognition accuracy is also investigated.
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an age-related neurodegenerative disorder that devastatingly affects people's lives. Accumulating evidence indicates that the pathological progression of AD is inseparably ...connected with hypochlorous acid (HClO). However, further exploring the biological function remains an open challenging due to a lack of effective tools to image HClO in AD brains. To this end, a ruthenium(II) luminescence probe, Ru–HClO, is developed for quantitative detection and visualization of HClO in nerve cells and AD brains. Ru–HClO shows quenched luminescence due to the PET process (excited electron transfer from Ru(II) center to diaminomaleonitrile) and the CN bond isomerization in the excited state. The HClO-triggered specific cleavage reaction with Ru–HClO cleaves the CN bond to form highly luminescent Ru–COOH. Ru–HClO shows rapid response speed, high sensitivity and selectivity, excellent biocompatibility, which makes the probe to be applied to semi-quantitative analysis of HClO in nerve cells and high-throughput screening of anti-AD drugs in the AD cell model. Moreover, using Ru–HClO as a probe, present work further validated that the elevated levels of HClO secretion were accompanied by the AD progressed. These findings may provide valuable results for figuring out the biological roles that HClO played in AD but also for accelerating anti-AD therapeutic discovery.
A ruthenium(II) complex-based luminescence probe (Ru–HClO) is developed for the detection of HClO. Ru–HClO features rapid response speed, high sensitivity and selectivity, which makes it to be applied to semi-quantitative analysis of HClO in nerve cells, high-throughput screening of anti-AD drugs in the AD cell model and in-situ imaging of the elevated levels of HClO in AD mice. Display omitted
•A high performance Ru(II) complex-based luminescence probe for HClO was developed.•Semi-quantitative luminescence analysis of HClO in nerve cells was demonstrated.•High-throughput screening of anti-AD drugs was performed in the AD cell model.•Visualization of the elevated levels of HClO in the brain tissues of AD mice.
Loss of the underground gas storage process can have significant effects, and risk analysis is critical for maintaining the integrity of the underground gas storage process and reducing potential ...accidents. This paper focuses on the dynamic risk assessment method for the underground gas storage process. First, the underground gas storage process data is combined to create a database, and the fault tree of the underground gas storage facility is built by identifying the risk factors of the underground gas storage facility and mapping them into a Bayesian network. To eliminate the subjectivity in the process of determining the failure probability level of basic events, fuzzy numbers are introduced to determine the prior probability of the Bayesian network. Then, causal and diagnostic reasoning is performed on the Bayesian network to determine the failure level of the underground gas storage facilities. Based on the rate of change of prior and posterior probabilities, sensitivity and impact analysis are combined to determine the significant risk factors and possible failure paths. In addition, the time factor is introduced to build a dynamic Bayesian network to perform dynamic assessment and analysis of underground gas storage facilities. Finally, the dynamic risk assessment method is applied to underground gas storage facilities in depleted oil and gas reservoirs. A dynamic risk evaluation model for underground gas storage facilities is built to simulate and validate the dynamic risk evaluation method based on the Bayesian network. The results show that the proposed method has practical value for improving underground gas storage process safety.
•Risk factors identification and dynamic risk assessment for underground gas storage facilities.•Failure probability determined by Bayesian network model.•Dynamic risk assessment method by the extension of Bayesian network on the time axis.•Sensitivity, impact and key risk factors analysis of risk assessment for underground gas storage facilities.
•A distribution mechanism of air bubbles in ice is proposed for the simulations.•A mesoscopic model of ice with entrapped air bubbles is developed by S-ALE method.•The strain-rate-effect of ice with ...air bubbles is shown by the simulated SHPB test.•The amount and agglomeration of entrapped air bubbles in the specimen are studied.
Hail ice inevitably contains entrapped air bubbles in nature. The dynamic mechanical properties of ice are highly affected by the dimension, distribution and amount of the entrapped air bubbles. The bubbles in ice neither could be manufactured by man-made or obtained from nature with controllable amount and distribution, nor simulated by classic FEM in mesoscale due to its small size. A stochastic algorithm has been proposed as the sparse distribution mechanism of air bubbles in ice to organize the air bubbles with controllable amount and agglomeration in numerical model. A mesoscopic numerical modeling method of ice with entrapped air bubbles has been developed by the meshfree ALE multi-material method. The effect of amount and agglomeration of the air bubbles in ice on dynamic mechanical properties has been investigated by simulated SHPB tests. The results show that the dynamic strengths of the ice with air bubbles are increase with the increasing of strain rates, nonlinear decrease with the increasing of volume ratios of the air bubbles. Both the volume ratios and distribution of air bubbles in ice affect the dynamic strengths at a low strain rates level; but the distribution rarely affects the dynamic strengths at a high strain rate level.
Spermiogenesis is a complex and highly ordered spermatid differentiation process that requires reorganization of cellular structures. We have previously found that Atg7 is required for acrosome ...biogenesis. Here, we show that autophagy regulates the round and elongating spermatids. Specifically, we found that Atg7 is required for spermatozoa flagella biogenesis and cytoplasm removal during spermiogenesis. Spermatozoa motility of atg7-null mice dropped significantly with some extra-cytoplasm retained on the mature sperm head. These defects are associated with an impairment of the cytoskeleton organization. Functional screening revealed that the negative cytoskeleton organization regulator, PDLIM1 (PDZ and LIM domain 1 elfin), needs to be degraded by the autophagy-lysosome-dependent pathway to facilitate the proper organization of the cytoskeleton. Our results thus provide a novel mechanism showing that autophagy regulates cytoskeleton organization mainly via degradation of PDLIM1 to facilitate the differentiation of spermatids.
The short-circuit flow has a great influence on the separation performance in cyclone separator. Herein, we used the LES model and particle random trajectory model to simulate gas-solid two-phase ...flow, and analyzed the particle motion from two aspects of particle trajectory and residence time. The results showed that the separation efficiency of particles from 1 µm to 10 µm diameter presented an increasing first and then a gentle distribution. The separation efficiency began to decrease when the particle size was less than 10 µm. When the particle size was larger than 3 µm, the separation efficiency was above 80%, and the separation efficiency decreased sharply when the particle size was less than 3 µm. There was a phenomenon of top ash ring in the annular space, especially near the cyclone proof, where a lot of particles gathered. The particle aggregation was serious in 130–180 degrees. The top ash ring could be formed only when the force of particles was balanced, which was unevenly distributed and had a quasi-periodic shedding characteristic. In addition, part of the airflow blew obliquely to the incoming airflow after a rotation, resulting in compression phenomenon. These performances would not only cause the escape of particles and reduce the separation efficiency, but also cause abrasion of the wall.
•Separation efficiency of particles from 1 µm to 10 µm presents a hook curve.•The distribution of top ash ring is asymmetric and uneven.•Top ash ring can be formed only when the force of particles is balanced.•Longitudinal action of the annular space causes the compression phenomenon.
Despite rapid advancements in the photovoltaic efficiencies of perovskite solar cells (PSCs), their operational stability remains a significant challenge for commercialization. This instability ...mainly arises from light‐induced halide ion migration and subsequent oxidation into iodine (I2). The situation is exacerbated when considering the heat effects at elevated temperatures, leading to the volatilization of I2 and resulting in irreversible device degradation. Mercaptoethylammonium iodide (ESAI) is thus incorporated into perovskite as an additive to inhibit the oxidation of iodide anion (I−) and the light‐induced degradation pathway of FAPbI3→FAI+PbI2. Additionally, the formation of a thiol‐disulfide/I−‐I2 redox pair within the perovskite film provides a dynamic mechanism for the continuous reduction of I2 under light and thermal stresses, facilitating the healing of iodine‐induced degradations. This approach significantly enhances the operational stability of PSCs. Under the ISOS‐L‐3 testing protocol (maximum power point (MPP) tracking in an environment with relative humidity of ≈50% at ≈65 °C), the treated PSCs maintain 97% of their original power conversion efficieney (PCE) after 300 h of aging. In contrast, control devices exhibit almost complete degradation, primarily due to rapid thermal‐induced I2 volatilization. These results demonstrate a promising strategy to overcome critical stability challenges in PSCs, particularly in scenarios involving thermal effects.
Mercaptoethylammonium iodide (ESAI) is incorporated into perovskite as an additive to inhibit the oxidation of I−, which provides a dynamic mechanism for the continuous reduction of I2 under light and thermal stresses, facilitating the healing of iodine‐induced degradations. Under ISOS‐L‐3 conditions, the device with ESAI retained 97% of the original power conversion efficiency (PCE) after 300 h.
The compressive behavior of woven carbon/epoxy laminate composites is investigated under in-plane and out-of-plane loading. The Material Testing System (MTS) and the Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar ...(SHPB) are employed to test the quasi-static and high strain rate dynamic mechanical properties of the material, respectively. Dynamic compression properties are compared with those of static loading. It is observed that the failure strength varies with different fiber woven directions. The results indicate that the stress–strain curves, maximum compressive stress and strain all evolve as strain rate varies. The specimens are mainly damaged in shear failure mode under out-of plane loading and the shear failure mode is independent of loading states and strain rates (500–1000/s). Comparatively, the different failure mechanisms of the material between quasi-static and dynamic in-plane loading at strain rates ranging from 50 to 400/s are obtained and studied. Delamination is only found at high strain rates under in-plane dynamical loading while shear deformation and delamination are both found under in-plane quasi-static loading. Shear bands and deformation zones are also observed under in-plane quasi-static loading.
Major depression is a prevalent affective disorder characterized by recurrent low mood. It presumably results from stress-induced deteriorations of molecular networks and synaptic functions in brain ...reward circuits of genetically-susceptible individuals through epigenetic processes. Epigenetic regulator microRNA-15b inhibits neuronal progenitor proliferation and is up-regulated in the medial prefrontal cortex of mice that demonstrate depression-like behavior, indicating the contribution of microRNA-15 to major depression. Using a mouse model of major depression induced by chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS), here we examined the effects of microRNA-15b on synapses and synaptic proteins in the nucleus accumbens of these mice. The application of a microRNA-15b antagomir into the nucleus accumbens significantly reduced the incidence of CUMS-induced depression and reversed the attenuations of excitatory synapse and syntaxin-binding protein 3 (STXBP3A)/vesicle-associated protein 1 (VAMP1) expression. In contrast, the injection of a microRNA-15b analog into the nucleus accumbens induced depression-like behavior as well as attenuated excitatory synapses and STXBP3A/VAMP1 expression similar to the down-regulation of these processes induced by the CUMS. We conclude that microRNA-15b-5p may play a critical role in chronic stress-induced depression by decreasing synaptic proteins, innervations, and activities in the nucleus accumbens. We propose that the treatment of anti-microRNA-15b-5p may convert stress-induced depression into resilience.
Major depression in negative mood is presumably induced by chronic stress with lack of reward. However, most individuals who experience chronic stress demonstrate resilience. Molecular mechanisms ...underlying stress‐ induced depression versus resilience remain unknown, which are investigated in brain reward circuits. Mice were treated by chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) for 4 weeks. The tests of sucrose preference, Y‐maze, and forced swimming were used to identify depression‐like emotion behavior or resilience. High‐throughput sequencing was used to analyze mRNA and miRNA quantity in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) harvested from the mice in the groups of control, CUMS‐induced depression (CUMS‐MDD), and CUMS‐resistance to identify molecular profiles of CUMS‐MDD versus CUMS‐resilience. In data analyses and comparison among three groups, 1.5‐fold ratio in reads per kilo‐base per million reads (RPKM) was set to judge involvements of mRNA and miRNA in CUMS, MDD, or resilience. The downregulations of serotonergic/dopaminergic synapses, MAPK/calcium signaling pathways, and morphine addiction as well as the upregulations of cAMP/PI3K‐Akt signaling pathways and amino acid metabolism are associated with CUMS‐MDD. The downregulations of chemokine signaling pathway, synaptic vesicle cycle, and nicotine addiction as well as the upregulations of calcium signaling pathway and tyrosine metabolism are associated with CUMS‐resilience. The impairments of serotonergic/dopaminergic synapses and PI3K‐Akt/MAPK signaling pathways in the NAc are associated with depression. The upregulation of these entities is associated with resilience. Consistent results from analyzing mRNA/miRNA and using different methods validate our finding and conclusion.
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