•Photon-stimulated desorption of Ne metastable atoms from Ar adsorbed on Ne solids has been investigated.•The kinetic energy of the desorbed metastable atoms depends sensitively on the Ar ...adsorption.•A simple estimation using the experimentally obtained results and simple calculations of the cohesive energies qualitatively reproduced the kinetic energy shifts
We investigated the photon-stimulated desorption of Ne metastable atoms from Ar adsorbed on Ne solids. Desorption was observed even for Ar coverage of 200 monolayers even though the yield decreased with the increase in adsorption of Ar atoms. This result suggests that the mixed Ar–Ne layers formed on the Ne solid via Ar adsorption, instead of the Ar-covered layers. In addition, we found that the kinetic energies of the desorbed metastable atoms depend sensitively on the Ar adsorption. A simple estimation using the experimentally obtained results and calculations of the cohesive energies for an Ar–Ne mixed system qualitatively reproduced the kinetic energy shifts.
Fc engineering to increase the binding affinity of IgG antibodies to FcRn has been reported to reduce the elimination of IgG antibodies. Herein, we present a novel non-FcRn-dependent approach to ...reduce the elimination of IgG antibodies. Pharmacokinetic studies conducted in normal mice of various humanized IgG4 antibodies, which had identical constant regions but different variable region sequences, revealed that an antibody with a lower isoelectric point (pI) has a longer half-life. These antibodies exhibited comparable binding affinity to FcRn, and with the antibodies with lower pIs, a longer half-life was also observed in β2-microglobulin knockout mice, suggesting that differences in the pharmacokinetics were due to a non-FcRn-dependent mechanism. On the basis of our findings, we attempted to engineer the pharmacokinetic properties of a humanized anti-IL6 receptor IgG1 antibody. Selected substitutions in the variable region, without substitution in the Fc region, lowered the pI but did not reduce the biological activity and showed a significant reduction in the clearance of the antibody in cynomolgus monkey. These results suggest that lowering the pI by engineering the variable region could reduce the elimination of IgG antibodies and could provide an alternative to Fc engineering of IgG antibodies.
In high-intensity laser light, matter can be ionized by direct multiphoton absorption even at photon energies below the ionization threshold. However on tuning the laser to the lowest resonant ...transition, the system becomes multiply excited, and more efficient, indirect ionization pathways become operative. These mechanisms are known as interatomic Coulombic decay (ICD), where one of the species de-excites to its ground state, transferring its energy to ionize another excited species. Here we show that on tuning to a higher resonant transition, a previously unknown type of interatomic Coulombic decay, intra-Rydberg ICD occurs. In it, de-excitation of an atom to a close-lying Rydberg state leads to electron emission from another neighbouring Rydberg atom. Moreover, systems multiply excited to higher Rydberg states will decay by a cascade of such processes, producing even more ions. The intra-Rydberg ICD and cascades are expected to be ubiquitous in weakly-bound systems exposed to high-intensity resonant radiation.
1. The purpose of the present study was to determine if central interleukin-1β (IL1β), interleukin-6 (IL6) and interleukin-8 (IL8) affect feeding behaviour in chicks (Gallus gallus) and examine if ...central interleukins are related to the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced anorexia.
2. Intra-abdominal (IA) injection of LPS significantly suppressed feeding behaviour and significantly increased mRNA expression of IL1β and IL8 in the diencephalon when compared to the control group, while IL6 tended to be increased.
3. Intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection of 200 ng IL1β significantly decreased food intake at 60 min after the injection while IL6 and IL8 had no effect.
4. IA injection of these ILs (200 ng) had no effect on food intake in chicks.
5. ICV injection of 200 ng IL1β did not affect water intake and plasma corticosterone concentration, suggesting that central IL1β might not be related to the regulation of drinking behaviour and the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis.
6. The present study demonstrated that central IL1β but not IL6 and IL8 might be related to the inhibition of feeding in chicks.
1. The purpose of the present study was to determine if an intraperitoneal injection of two toll-like receptor-7 (TLR7) agonists, imiquimod and resiquimod, affect feed intake, voluntary activity, ...cloacal temperature, crop-emptying rate, plasma corticosterone (CORT) and glucose concentrations, and splenic gene expression of cytokines in chicks (Gallus gallus).
2. Although intraperitoneal injection of 100 µg imiquimod significantly increased splenic gene expression of interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-6, IL-8, and interferon-γ (IFN-γ), it did not affect feed intake, voluntary activity, cloacal temperature, crop-emptying rate or plasma constituents.
3. Intraperitoneal injection of 100 µg resiquimod significantly decreased feed intake, voluntary activity, cloacal temperature, crop-emptying rate and increased plasma corticosterone concentrations.
4. Intraperitoneal injection of resiquimod significantly increased splenic gene expression of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IFN-γ, and tumour necrosis factor-like cytokine 1A.
5. The results showed that activation of TLR7 is associated with anorexia, hypoactivity, hypothermia, disturbance of feed passage in the digestive tract and the response to stress in chicks.
l-tryptophan (l-Trp), an essential amino acid, is well known as a precursor of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and melatonin. In mammals, l-Trp itself has been reported to suppress gastric emptying in ...mammals. In addition, 5-HT and melatonin are found in the gastrointestinal tract and affect food passage from the digestive tract in mammals. While the function of these factors in mammals is documented, there is little knowledge on their function in the digestive tract of birds. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to determine if l-Trp and its metabolites affect the crop emptying rate in chicks (Gallus gallus). We also investigated the effects of kynurenic acid (KYNA) and quinolinic acid (QA), which are metabolites of the kynurenine pathway for l-Trp. Oral administration of l-Trp significantly reduced the crop emptying rate in chicks. Among the metabolites, intraperitoneal injection of 5-HT and melatonin significantly reduced the crop emptying rate, whereas KYNA and QA had no effect. The present study suggests that l-Trp, 5-HT, and melatonin inhibit the movement of food in the digestive tract and thereby affect the utilization of nutrients in the diet of chicks.
•Oral injection of l-tryptophan suppresses food passage from the crop of chicks.•Intraperitoneal injection of 5-hydroxytryptamine suppresses food passage from the crop.•Melatonin also suppresses food passage from the crop.•Kynurenic acid and quinolinic acid have no effect on food passage from the crop.
The optimal dose, schedule, and other aspects of bendamustine plus rituximab treatment remain unclear for patients with relapsed or refractory follicular lymphoma (FL). Herein, we analyzed the ...efficacy of bendamustine combined with rituximab (RB-120) treatment for Japanese patients with relapsed or refractory FL. This phase II clinical trial included patients with relapsed or refractory FL who received 375 mg/m
2
rituximab on day 1 and 120 mg/m
2
bendamustine on days 2 and 3 every 28 days for up to 6 cycles. The primary endpoint was the overall response rate (ORR), and the secondary endpoints included the complete response (CR) rate, progression-free survival (PFS), overall survival (OS), and safety. Thirty-seven patients were enrolled in the trial (median age 62 years, range 42–75 years). All patients were previously treated with rituximab-containing chemotherapy, and 83.8% were previously treated with the R-CHOP regimen. A median of 5 cycles (range 1–6) and 48.6% of patients completed 6 cycles. The ORR was 91.9% (95% confidence interval CI 78.1–98.3%), with a CR rate of 86.5% (95% CI 71.2–95.5%). The 3-year PFS and OS were 70.9% (95% CI 52.3–83.3%) and 88.9% (95% CI 73.1–95.7%), respectively, with the median 39.5 months follow-up duration. The most-frequently observed grade 3/4 adverse events were hematologic: lymphopenia (95%) and neutropenia (70%). No treatment-related deaths were observed. RB-120 showed a good efficacy with equivalent toxicities, compared with the bendamustine 120 mg/m
2
monotherapy. However, the problem of high drop-out incidences cannot be ignored.
1. The purpose of the present study was to determine if intracerebroventricular (ICV) and intraperitoneal (IP) injection of polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (poly I:C), a viral mimetic that binds to ...toll-like receptor-3 (TLR3), affects food intake, voluntary activity, cloacal temperature, plasma corticosterone (CORT) and glucose concentrations, and crop emptying rate in chicks (Gallus gallus).
2. Both ICV and IP injection of poly I:C significantly decreased food intake.
3. IP but not ICV injection of poly I:C significantly suppressed voluntary activity, whereas ICV injection decreased time spent sitting. Both ICV and IP injection of poly I:C significantly increased plasma CORT and glucose concentration. Neither ICV nor IP injection of poly I:C significantly affected cloacal temperature.
4. In addition, ICV injection of poly I:C significantly reduced crop emptying rate, whereas IP injection had no effect.
5. These results suggested that central TLR3 is related to anorexia, stress response and retardation of crop emptying while peripheral TLR3 is related to anorexia, change in behaviour and stress responses during viral infection in chicks.
The β-decay half-lives of 38 neutron-rich isotopes from (36)Kr to (43)Tc have been measured; the half-lives of (100)Kr, (103-105)Sr, (106-108)Y, (108-110)Zr, (111,112)Nb, (112-115)Mo, and (116,117)Tc ...are reported here. The results when compared with previous standard models indicate an overestimation in the predicted half-lives by a factor of 2 or more in the A≈110 region. A revised model based on the second generation gross theory of β decay better predicts the measured half-lives and suggests a more rapid flow of the rapid neutron-capture process (r-matter flow) through this region than previously predicted.
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