Epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) has been shown to associate with cancer stem cells and radioresistance. However, it is obscure whether EMT itself or specific EMT regulators play causal roles ...in these properties of salivary adenoid cystic carcinoma (SACC). Here, we exhibited that overexpression of HSP27 drove the migration and invasion, induced EMT, as well as mediated TGF‐β1‐induced EMT in SACC cells, accompanying the up‐regulation of Snail1 and Prrx1. Conversely, HSP27 silencing reduced the migration and invasion and contributed to MET of SACC cells. HSP27 indirectly down‐regulates the expression of E‐cadherin through activating Snail1 and Prrx1 expressions. Overexpression of Snail1 or Prrx1 restored the migration and invasion in HSP27 knockdown cells. Enforced expression of HSP27 enhanced colony formation, CD133+/CD44+ population and radioresistance of SACC cell lines. In addition, HSP27 expression was positively associated with radioresistance and poor prognosis of SACC patients as well as with the expression of Prrx1 or Snail1 in SACC tissues. The data confirm an important function for HSP27 in SACC progression through regulating EMT and stemness, and they imply the possible association between EMT and radioresistance of SACC.
Microbiota has been widely considered to play a critical role in human carcinogenesis. Human papilloma virus, hepatitis B and C virus, and
are implicated in the pathogenesis of cancer of uterine ...cervix, liver, and stomach, respectively. However, whether
, a common Gram negative oral bacteria, is associated with oral carcinogenesis still remains unclear and its underlying mechanism needs to be addressed. Here, we established a combined experimental system of 4NQO-induced oral carcinoma model and chronic periodontitis model and investigated the effects of
infection on oral carcinogenesis and fatty acid metabolism during oral carcinogenesis. The data showed that in this animal model,
infection induced mice periodontitis, increased the tongue lesion size and multiplicity of each mouse and promoted oral cancer development.
treatment significantly increased the level of free fatty acids and altered the fatty acid profile in tongue tissues and the serum of mice. And
induced the formation of fatty liver of the mice. Besides, immunohistochemical analysis and qRT-PCR showed that the expression of fatty-acid synthase and acetyl-CoA carboxylase 1 were increased in the tongue and liver tissues of 4NQO-treated mice infected with
. These results showed that
promoted oral carcinogenesis and aggravated disturbance of fatty acid metabolism, indicating a close association among
, lipid metabolic and oral carcinogenesis.
Methanol, as a liquid organic hydrogen carrier, exhibits advantageous features such as easy storage, transportability, and low energy consumption at ambient conditions, making it a reliable on-site ...emergency hydrogen source. The adoption of steam reforming allows for the efficient release of hydrogen from liquid organic hydrogen carriers, thus offering a promising solution to hydrogen storage and transport challenges. Moreover, leveraging renewable energy sources (solar energy) to replace conventional fossil fuels for powering methanol steam reforming (MSR) reactions enables the utilization of high-quality on-demand hydrogen sources with reduced carbon emissions. However, several challenges in solar-driven MSR research persist, encompassing catalyst lifespan, reaction rate, reaction stability, and environmental impact. This review comprehensively summarizes and discusses recent advancements in solar-driven MSR, focusing on solar reactor design, development of control strategies for reaction systems, investigation of energy storage systems for reactors, as well as analysis of the photothermal coupling reaction mechanism. The primary aim is to share the latest progress in solar-driven MSR and identify common challenges and future research directions. Specifically, this paper focuses on the development of a joint active/passive control system, the establishment of a complementary energy supply system with multiple drive modes, the development of a low-temperature and high-efficiency conversion technology for the reactants, and the exploration of a synergistic gain mechanism for the coupling of photothermal energy in MSR reactions. Furthermore, it advocates for interdisciplinary design approaches to achieve seamless integration between solar energy supply systems and MSR reaction systems, thereby minimizing energy losses during the reaction process. The insights provided in this review offer novel perspectives and directions for the development of low-carbon hydrogen production processes.
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•Heat-mass transfer enhancement inside solar reactor can promote methanol conversion.•Uniform heat flow on the collector tube can maintain a stable reaction environment.•Membrane reactors facilitate product separation and rightward movement of MSR.•Active-passive cooperative control method can buffer radiation fluctuations of solar.•Photothermal reaction can realize the full spectrum utilization of solar energy.
BACKGROUND: Dormancy is one characteristic of cancer cells to make patients remain asymptomatic before metastasis and relapse, which is closely related to the survival rate of cancer patients, ...including head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). PRRX1 has previously been implicated in the invasion and metastasis of the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) process in different types of human carcinoma. However, whether PRRX1 can regulate cancer dormancy and its reactivation, leading to the migration and invasion of HNSCC cells, remains elusive. The aim of this study was to determine the role of PRRX1 in cellular phenotype plasticity and cancer dormancy of HNSCC cells and its association with miRNAs in HNSCC. METHODS: The expression of PRRX1 was detected by immunohistochemical staining in primary HNSCC samples and the metastatic lymph nodes. Meanwhile, the role of PRRX1 and its relationship with miR-642b-3p and EMT in cellular phenotype plasticity and cancer dormancy of HNSCC were investigated in vitro and in vivo. RESULTS: PRRX1 was significantly higher at the invasive front of HNSCC samples compared with the metastatic lymph nodes, and such switch process was accompanied by the cellular phenotype plasticity and cell dormancy activation. In HNSCC cell lines, PRRX1 positively promoted the expression of known EMT inducers and cooperated with activated TGF-β1 to contribute to EMT and migration and invasion of HNSCC cells. Then, we found that overexpression of miR-642b-3p, one of the most significantly downregulated miRNAs in PRRX1-overexpressed cells, significantly reduced the migration and invasion, and increased cell proliferation and apoptosis. And miR-642b-3p restoration reversed PRRX1-induced cell dormancy and EMT of HNSCC cells through TGF-β2 and p38. Finally, we demonstrated that overexpressed PRRX1 was closely correlated with miR-642b-3p downregulation and the upregulation of TGF-β2 and p38 in a xenograft model of HNSCC. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings showed that PRRX1 may be one of the main driving forces for the cellular phenotype plasticity and tumor dormancy of HNSCC. Therefore, we can raise the possibility that EMT may help to keep cancer cell in dormant state and mesenchymal-epithelial transition may resurge dormancy in HNSCC.
•Fouling and heat transfer characteristics of a typical heat exchanger are investigated.•A critical row number is obtained, after which the per-tube fouling will reach stable.•The effects of ...geometric parameters and operating conditions are investigated.•Optimum parameters are obtained according to orthogonal array design method.•A correlation of the Nusselt number after fouling reaches stable is obtained.
In this paper, numerical simulations were performed for the fouling characteristics and heat transfer performance after fouling on the H-type finned tube heat exchangers, and the optimum parameters studies were also conducted according to the orthogonal array design method. Firstly, the effect of row number on the fouling results were discussed. It was found that there was a critical row number Ncr=6, and the fouling results will reach a constant value when the row number is larger than the critical row number. Then, the orthogonal array design method was employed to design the test arrangements, and the effects of six geometric parameters and two operating conditions on the fouling results as well as heat transfer performance after fouling were investigated. The order of the effects of each factor and the optimum parameters corresponding to the least fouling and best heat transfer performance after fouling were also determined. At last, a correlation of the Nusselt number after fouling Nuf∗ with the geometric parameters and the operating conditions was obtained. The results showed that the optimum conditions we determined using the orthogonal array design method do have less fouling or have better heat transfer performance after fouling than the reference cases in the test arrangements. The correlation of Nuf∗ has good prediction accuracy, and it can be useful in the design and evaluation of heat exchanger in dusty environment.
Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) arises in the oral cavity, salivary glands, larynx, pharynx, nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses, and is characterized by high morbidity and metastasis ...rates. Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) is a homodimeric protein known to be a multifunctional regulator in target cells and to serve a pivotal role in numerous types of cancer, including HNSCC. The role of TGF-β signaling in carcinogenesis can change from tumor-suppressing to tumor-promoting. In addition, TGF-β induces epithelial-mesenchymal transition and restrains immune surveillance on malignant cells. In the present review, the effects of TGF-β signaling at a cellular level were discussed, which includes the regulation of tumor cells, immune cells and other stromal cells, as well as the possible mechanisms underlying the conversion from a tumor suppressor to a tumor promoter in HNSCC. Further research is required to improve the understanding on how this network is involved in carcinogenesis, progression and metastases in HNSCC.
Neuronal ferroptosis plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of cognitive deficits. The present study explored whether artemisinin protected type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) mice from cognitive ...impairments by attenuating neuronal ferroptosis in the hippocampal CA1 region.
STZ-induced T2DM mice were treated with artemisinin (40 mg/kg, i.p.), or cotreated with artemisinin and Nrf2 inhibitor MEL385 or ferroptosis inducer erastin for 4 weeks. Cognitive performance was determined by the Morris water maze and Y maze tests. Hippocampal ROS, MDA, GSH, and Fe
contents were detected by assay kits. Nrf2, p-Nrf2, HO-1, and GPX4 proteins in hippocampal CA1 were assessed by Western blotting. Hippocampal neuron injury and mitochondrial morphology were observed using H&E staining and a transmission electron microscope, respectively.
Artemisinin reversed diabetic cognitive impairments, decreased the concentrations of ROS, MDA and Fe
, and increased the levels of p-Nr2, HO-1, GPX4 and GSH. Moreover, artemisinin alleviated neuronal loss and ferroptosis in the hippocampal CA1 region. However, these neuroprotective effects of artemisinin were abolished by Nrf2 inhibitor ML385 and ferroptosis inducer erastin.
Artemisinin effectively ameliorates neuropathological changes and learning and memory decline in T2DM mice; the underlying mechanism involves the activation of Nrf2 to inhibit neuronal ferroptosis in the hippocampus.
Patients with human papilloma virus (HPV)-associated head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) have remarkably better prognosis, which differs from HPV-negative oropharyngeal squamous cell ...carcinoma (OPSCC) with respect to clinical, genomic, molecular, and immunological aspects, especially having the characteristics of high levels of immune cell infiltration and high degrees of immunosuppression. This review will summarize immune evasion mechanisms in HPV-positive HNSCC, analyze the host various immune responses to HPV and abundant numbers of infiltrating immune cell, and discuss the differences between HPV-positive HNSCC with cervical cancer. A deeper understanding of the immune landscape will help new concepts to emerge in immune-checkpoint oncology, which might be a valuable add-on to established concepts.
•Fouling and heat transfer characteristics of a typical heat exchanger are investigated.•A multiple mean cycle method is proposed based on a comprehensive fouling model.•The effects of geometric ...parameters are discussed.•The staggered elliptical tube is proposed to reduce the fly-ash fouling.
Particulate fouling on flue gas heat exchanger surfaces reduces heat transfer efficiency and increases the instability of equipment operation. It is necessary to develop a better understanding of how fouling occurs, aiming to find strategies to predict and reduce it. In this paper, a multiple mean cycle method is proposed based on a comprehensive fouling model considering the deposition and removal mechanisms, combined with the discrete phase model and dynamic mesh method, to predict the fouling morphology. Then the effects of transverse pitch, longitudinal pitch, tube shape and arrangement on fly-ash fouling and heat transfer characteristics are examined. It is found that, for aligned arrangement, the fly-ash particles are mainly deposited at the upwind stagnation region at the first row and whole windward side of the rest rows; for staggered arrangement, the fly-ash particles are deposited at the upwind stagnation region. The multiple mean cycle method can predict the fouling morphology efficiently and keep the characteristic of non-uniform fouling distribution. The fouling mass increases with the increase of relative transverse and longitudinal pitches. The elliptical tube bundle with small relative transverse and longitudinal pitches can obviously reduce the fouling mass especially for the staggered elliptical tube. Compared with the aligned circular tube arrangement, the fouling mass mf is decreased by 81.1% at 10min. In addition, the weaken degree of Nusselt number after fouling ΔNu for the staggered elliptical tube is only about 49.8% of the aligned circular tube arrangement. Consequently, using the staggered elliptical tube contributes to reduce the fly-ash fouling, decrease the soot-blowing frequency and ensure the efficiency, economy and safety of flue gas heat exchangers.
Tumour vascular normalisation therapy advocates a balance between pro-angiogenic factors and anti-angiogenic factors in tumours. Artemisinin (ART), which is derived from traditional Chinese medicine, ...has been shown to inhibit tumour growth; however, the relationship between ART and tumour vascular normalisation in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) has not been previously reported.
Different concentrations(0 mg/kg, 25 mg/kg, 50 mg/kg, 100 mg/kg)of ART were used to treat the xenograft nude mice model of OSCC. The effects of ART on migration and proliferation of OSCC and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) cells were detected by scratch assay and CCK-8 assay. OSCC cells with macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) silenced were constructed to explore the effect of MIF.
Treatment with ART inhibited the growth and angiogenesis of OSCC xenografts in nude mice and downregulated vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), IL-8, and MIF expression levels. ART reduced the proliferation, migration, and tube formation of HUVEC, as well as the expression of VEGFR1 and VEGFR2. When the dose of ART was 50 mg/kg, vascular normalisation of OSCC xenografts was induced. Moreover, VEGF and IL-8 were needed in rhMIF restoring tumour growth and inhibit vascular normalisation after the addition of rhMIF to ART-treated cells.
Artemisinin might induce vascular normalisation and inhibit tumour growth in OSCC through the MIF-signalling pathway.
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