Abstract
E‐skins based on conductive hydrogels are regarded as ideal candidates for sensing application. However, limited by the constructed materials and strategies, the current conductive hydrogels ...have poor mechanical properties, single function, and unsatisfactory conductivity, which seriously hinder their development and application. Herein, the natural goatskin with hierarchical 3D network structure weaved by collagen fibers is used as the substrate material for the construction of ultra‐tough hydrogel through a “top‐down” strategy, in which acrylic acid monomer is first vacuum‐impregnated into the interstices of goatskin fibers skeleton and is then polymerized in situ to produce the skin‐based hydrogel with unique 3D wrapping structure. Based on the skin‐based hydrogel, a substrate with load‐carrying capacity, after loaded with a new multifunctional nanoscale‐conductive medium nanosilver particles (AgNPs) and 1,3‐propanediol, a goatskin‐derived multifunctional organohydrogel S@HCP is constructed with excellent mechanical properties, self‐adhesion, transparency, ultraviolet shielding, antibacterial, biocompatibility, environmental stability, and conductivity. Notably, the stretchable S‐TENG assembled using S@HCP can be perfectly suited for real‐life applications including biomechanical energy harvesting, self‐powered tactile‐sensing, and motion monitoring. It is believed that, by combining natural animal skin with different functional materials, it is possible to reuse animal skin, “dead skin,” which provides a new platform for developing multifunctional flexible e‐skin.
The Attention-Interest-Desire-Memory-Action (AIDMA) model describes the psychological process of consumers from exposure to advertising to final purchase, including five stages: attention, interest, ...desire, memory, and action. This model has important guiding significance in the early stage of traditional media and the Internet. However, with the development of the Internet, users’ behavior patterns changed, and new marketing models such as the Attention-Interest-Search-Action-Share (AISAS) model appeared. However, the AIDMA model still has reference value and application scenarios, especially in elevator multimedia advertising. In a relatively closed and focused environment, elevator multimedia advertising is more likely to attract passengers’ attention, stimulate interest and purchase desire, and strengthen brand memory. This form of advertising is suitable for various industries and brands, and it can improve brand awareness and image. In order to evaluate the effect of elevator multimedia advertising, it can be investigated from three aspects: communication effect, psychological effect, and sales effect. Through these investigations, the study provides an understanding of the communication effect of advertising and provide a reference for future advertising planning.
Immunotherapy has revolutionized cancer treatment, however, not all tumor types and patients are completely responsive to this approach. Establishing predictive pre‐clinical models would allow for ...more accurate and practical immunotherapeutic drug development. Mouse models are extensively used as in vivo system for biomedical research. However, due to the significant differences between rodents and human, it is impossible to translate most of the findings from mouse models to human. Pharmacological development and advancing personalized medicine using patient‐derived xenografts relies on producing mouse models in which murine cells and genes are substituted with their human equivalent. Humanized mice (HM) provide a suitable platform to evaluate xenograft growth in the context of a human immune system. In this review, we discussed recent advances in the generation and application of HM models. We also reviewed new insights into the basic mechanisms, pre‐clinical evaluation of onco‐immunotherapies, current limitations in the application of these models as well as available improvement strategies. Finally, we pointed out some issues for future studies.
Establishing predictive pre‐clinical models leads toward more accurate and practical immunotherapeutic development. Humanized mice (HM) provide a suitable platform to discern human‐specific disease pathogenesis and evaluate an array of novel therapeutics. This review discusses recent progresses in the production and deployment of HM in the study of cancer immunotherapy.
The environmental stability of 2D MXene flakes must be systematically studied before their further application. Herein, the colloidal dispersibility and photochemical stability of delaminated Ti3C2Tx ...MXene flakes modified with hydrazine (HMH) and KOH and with water as the control (HMH‐Ti3C2, KOH‐Ti3C2, and H2O‐Ti3C2, respectively) are experimentally and theoretically studied. Modification greatly increases the dispersibility of Ti3C2Tx flakes. Their critical coagulation concentrations are 28.7, 106, and 49.1 mm NaCl, and their Hamaker constants are 23.7 × 10−21, 19.1 × 10−21, and 37.7 × 10−21 J, respectively; the colloidal interaction follows the classical Derjaguin–Landau–Verwey–Overbeek theory. HMH‐Ti3C2 and KOH‐Ti3C2 exhibit higher photochemical stability, as indicated by their stronger resistance to oxidation under UV and visible light irradiation. Changes in their physicochemical properties and the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) are assayed. Spin‐polarized density functional theory calculations and molecular dynamics simulations are used to determine the mechanisms underlying the differences in the photochemical stability of Ti3C2Tx flakes. K+ ions protect the flakes from oxidation by acting as a middle layer to reduce the coupling between Ti3+ and ROS, while HMH provides stronger protection by absorbing photoelectrons or reacting with ROS. These findings provide new insight into the environmental transformation and design of functional MXenes.
Dispersibility and photochemical stability of water‐, hydrazine‐, and KOH‐Ti3C2 flakes are experimentally and theoretically studied. The mechanisms underlying the marked improvement in the colloidal dispersibility and photochemical stability by the modifications (especially by hydrazine) are revealed. The findings provide new insight into the environmental transformation and help to design functional MXenes.
2D lamellar materials can offer high surface area and abundant reactive sites, thus showing an appealing prospect in photocatalytic hydrogen evolution. However, it is still difficult to build ...cost‐efficient photocatalytic hydrogen evolution systems based on 2D materials. Herein, an in situ growth method is employed to build 2D/2D heterojunctions, with which 2D Ni‐based metal–organic layers (Ni‐MOLs) are closely grown on 2D porous CdS (P‐CdS) nanosheets, affording traditional P‐CdS/Ni‐MOL heterojunction materials. Impressively, the optimized P‐CdS/Ni‐MOL catalyst exhibits superior photocatalytic hydrogen evolution performance, with an H2 yield of 29.81 mmol g−1 h−1. This value is 7 and 2981 times higher than that of P‐CdS and Ni‐MOLs, respectively, and comparable to those of reported state of the art catalysts. Photocatalytic mechanism studies reveal that the enhanced photocatalytic performance can be attributed to the 2D/2D intimate interface between P‐CdS and Ni‐MOLs, which facilitates the fast charge carriers’ separation and transfer. This work provides a strategy to develop 2D MOL‐based photocatalysts for sustainable energy conversion.
The ultrathin structure and large specific surface area of the P‐CdS/Ni‐MOL composites are of great benefit for exposing more active sites and expanding contact surface area. In such a way, the recombination of photoinduced electrons/holes pairs can be efficiently inhibited. The synergistic effect of the intimate contact between P‐CdS and Ni‐MOLs can significantly enhance the photocatalytic H2 evolution performances.
The rational design of highly efficient, low-cost, and durable electrocatalysts to replace platinum-based electrodes for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) is highly desirable. Although atomically ...dispersed supported metal catalysts often exhibit excellent catalytic performance with maximized atom efficiency, the fabrication of single-atom catalysts remains a great challenge because of their easy aggregation. Herein, a simple ionothermal method was developed to fabricate atomically dispersed Fe–N x species on porous porphyrinic triazine-based frameworks (FeSAs/PTF) with high Fe loading up to 8.3 wt %, resulting in highly reactive and stable single-atom ORR catalysts for the first time. Owing to the high density of single-atom Fe–N4 active sites, highly hierarchical porosity, and good conductivity, the as-prepared catalyst FeSAs/PTF-600 exhibited highly efficient activity, methanol tolerance, and superstability for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) under both alkaline and acidic conditions. This work will bring new inspiration to the design of highly efficient noble-metal-free catalysts at the atomic scale for energy conversion.
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Oncolytic viruses have attracted attention as a promising strategy in cancer therapy owing to their ability to selectively infect and kill tumor cells, without affecting healthy ...cells. They also exert their anti-tumor effects by releasing immunostimulatory molecules from dying cancer cells. Several regulatory mechanisms, such as autophagy, contribute to the anti-tumor properties of oncolytic viruses. Autophagy is a conserved catabolic process in responses to various stresses, such as nutrient deprivation, hypoxia, and infection that produces energy by lysosomal degradation of intracellular contents. Autophagy can support infectivity and replication of the oncolytic virus and enhance their anti-tumor effects via mediating oncolysis, autophagic cell death, and immunogenic cell death. On the other hand, autophagy can reduce the cytotoxicity of oncolytic viruses by providing survival nutrients for tumor cells. In his review, we summarize various types of oncolytic viruses in clinical trials, their mechanism of action, and autophagy machinery. Furthermore, we precisely discuss the interaction between oncolytic viruses and autophagy in cancer therapy and their combinational effects on tumor cells.
Discriminating leaf and wood components in terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) point clouds is a prerequisite for accurately estimating 3-D structural and biophysical attributes of both individual trees ...and entire forests. However, most existing separation methods are conducted at local (i.e., individual or plot) level. The local level separation methods need a presegmentation of the acquired point clouds, and the separation accuracy and reliability are greatly influenced by forest occlusion effect and point cloud qualities. A new generalized method merely based on differences in geometric features, including curvature, density, and salient features, is proposed in this study for separating leaf and wood components at the TLS single-scan level. A preliminary separation is conducted using the quantity of normal change rate (i.e., surface variation) given that leaf points often demonstrate sharp local curvature changes. Then, separation is continually conducted on the basis of calibrated density data (i.e., number of points in a given radius) because of the scattered orientations and small sizes of leaves. Finally, a new self-adjusting connectivity segmentation algorithm is proposed to group remaining points into different clusters. Leaf and wood clusters are separated in accordance with salient features and sizes simultaneously. Results indicate that derived geometric quantities from curvature, density, and salient features of individual points and segmented clusters can be jointly used to discriminate leaf and wood components effectively and robustly in single-scan TLS point clouds with a mean overall accuracy of approximately 93%. In addition, results show good performance in terms of the insensitivity to distance, instrument type, occlusion effect, and forest composition of the proposed method.
Colorectal cancer is the third most common cancer diagnosed in both men and women in the United States. Most colorectal cancers start as a growth on the inner lining of the colon or rectum, called ...'polyp'. Not all polyps are cancerous, but some can develop into cancer. Early detection and recognition of the type of polyps is critical to prevent cancer and change outcomes. However, visual classification of polyps is challenging due to varying illumination conditions of endoscopy, variant texture, appearance, and overlapping morphology between polyps. More importantly, evaluation of polyp patterns by gastroenterologists is subjective leading to a poor agreement among observers. Deep convolutional neural networks have proven very successful in object classification across various object categories. In this work, we compare the performance of the state-of-the-art general object classification models for polyp classification. We trained a total of six CNN models end-to-end using a dataset of 157 video sequences composed of two types of polyps: hyperplastic and adenomatous. Our results demonstrate that the state-of-the-art CNN models can successfully classify polyps with an accuracy comparable or better than reported among gastroenterologists. The results of this study can guide future research in polyp classification.
Since sensors could be used for detecting multiple forms of mechanical deformations, we present a simple method for fabricating highly sensitive strain sensors using a conductive graphene/polymer ...sponge which is self-assembled by graphene flakes in the porous structure of the sponge. The graphene composite sponges exhibit outstanding electromechanical properties and can be processed into different dimensional sensors easily to detect multiple forms of mechanical deformations including tensile strain, impact, bending, vibrating and twisting. Although the sensitivity of the three-dimensional sensor is only 1.33 N-1, one-dimensional sensor exhibits high sensitivity up to 18.5 N-1. In addition, the one-dimensional sensor can evaluate human life activity, such as finger wag and even the impact caused by a hair. The shape of the graphene composite sponge can easily be arbitrarily customized in order to sense more accurately in practical applications.
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