This study evaluated transitioning face-to-face standardized patient (SP) competencies for nurse practitioner (NP) students to telehealth SP (TSP) competencies. Given the effects of coronavirus ...disease 2019 on clinical nursing education, faculty need evidence-based strategies that offer flexibility and high-quality learning experiences for students.
SP grade rubrics for NP students (
= 53) who completed either face-to-face or TSP examinations were compared to determine whether there were any differences in overall mean score, history taking, physical examination, final diagnosis, and documentation between the two groups.
A two-tailed independent sample t test examined whether the mean scores for the variables differed between face-to-face SP and TSP competencies.
Overall results indicated the SP competencies were similar between the two groups. This confirms that both options of SP competencies for family NP students are acceptable.
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Psychological research on awe has largely focused on its positive dimensions, both in terms of the experiential state of awe and individual trait-based predispositions to awe experience. Little is ...known, however, about awe’s negative-valence dimensions, such as individual tendencies to experience awe as threatening. To gain a broader understanding of awe, the current study investigates individual predispositions to feel negative aspects of awe (i.e., threat) and positive aspects of awe (e.g., beauty) and examines how these two tendencies are interrelated. Additionally, this study uses both Japanese and US samples to explore whether predispositions to feel awe vary across cultures. Two studies (total N = 1245) suggests that in both Japanese and US samples, predispositions to feel positive and negative aspects of awe were separable. However, there were cultural differences: North Americans were more predisposed to feel positive aspects than Japanese, and the predispositions to feel positive and negative aspects were positively correlated for Japanese, but not North Americans. This contributes to a better understanding of how the valence of awe may be influenced by culturally-mediated patterns of affect.
The new Sentencing Council Guideline on sentencing offenders with mental disorders, effective from 1 October 2020, is essential reading for all psychiatrists who give evidence in the criminal courts, ...revealing something of required judicial thinking, our common ground on public safety concerns but differences in focus on culpability and punishment.
Witnessing or experiencing extreme and incomprehensible harm elicits an intense emotional response that is often called "horror." Although traditional emotion taxonomies have categorized horror as a ...subtype of fear and/or disgust, recent empirical work has indicated that horror is a distinct emotion category (Cowen & Keltner, 2017). However, exactly how horror is different from fear and disgust has remained unclear. The current studies represent the first empirical attempt to clarify how horror is distinct from fear and moral disgust. Results indicated that these emotions are elicited by different aspects of harm: horror is a response to the severity or abnormality of harm, fear to the self-relevance of harm, and moral disgust to the harm's causal agent. In a survey of personal experiences of emotions (Study 1), participants reported having felt horror in response to the actual occurrence of extreme or abnormal harm, but felt fear and moral disgust in response to events involving no harm or only mild harm. Participants also reported greater cognitive disruption (e.g., disbelief, schema-incongruence) during horror than during fear or moral disgust. Experiments testing the effects of different aspects of harm on emotion ratings indicated that horror was differentially increased by harm that was abnormal (vs. common) and had already occurred (vs. potential threat), whereas fear was differentially increased by harm that had high (vs. low) self-relevance (Study 2). Further, extreme (vs. mild) harm differentially increased horror, but the presence (vs. absence) of a blameworthy agent differentially increased moral disgust (Study 3).
Relationships have been well established between adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and later psychosis (29 systematic reviews) or violence (4 systematic reviews). To date, just one review has ...explored childhood maltreatment, specifically, and violence risk with psychosis. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analyses of a wider range of ACEs and later psychosis with actual violence compared with psychosis alone, violence alone or neither, completing searches in January 2021. In all, 15 studies met inclusion criteria, but only six included all four groups of interest. Two substantial studies recorded ACEs from sources independent of those affected and probably before emergent psychosis or violence; others relied on retrospective recall. Meta-analyses were possible only for within-psychosis-group comparisons; histories of physical abuse, sexual abuse, and having a criminal/violent parent or living with family alcohol/drug use were each associated with around twice the odds of psychosis with violence as psychosis alone. Although ACE measures in the four-way comparisons were too divergent for firm conclusions, abuse histories, and parental criminality emerged as likely antecedents, one study evidencing psychosis as mediating between ACEs and violence. Without longitudinal prospective study, pathways between ACEs and later problems remain unclear. Our findings add weight to the case for exploring ACEs in addition to abuse as possible indicators of later violence among people with psychosis and for trauma-informed interventions, which is important because some people are reluctant to disclose abuse histories.
This study examined factors associated with lifetime experience of homelessness among young adults.
Data were analyzed for 14,888 young adults (mean+/-SD age 21.97+/-1.77; 7,037 men and 7,851 women) ...who participated in the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health), a U.S. nationally representative, population-based sample. Data were collected from young adults through computer-assisted interviews six years after they had enrolled in the study as adolescents. Variables that have been associated with lifetime homelessness in at least one service sample were mapped to Add Health survey items. Data were analyzed by logistic regression.
A total of 682 respondents (4.6%) were classified as ever being homeless. Several factors related to childhood experiences of poor family functioning, socioeconomic disadvantage, and separation from parents or caregivers were independently associated with ever being homeless. Other significant independent factors included current socioeconomic difficulty, mental health problems, and addiction problems. Indicators of involvement in crime and addiction problems with gambling and alcohol were not independently associated with homelessness.
The findings underscore the relationship between specific indicators of adversity in childhood and risk of homelessness and point to the importance of early intervention efforts. Consistent with the extant research literature, mental health problems also appear to be associated with homelessness, highlighting the potentially complex service needs of this population.
Abstract
Aims
To quantify the relationship between alcohol and violence with increasing age.
Methods
Data were from The National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (ADD Health) of ...20,386 people representative of the US population. Mean age at the first wave of interviews was 16.2 years, with subsequent interviews mean of 1, 6.3 and 12.9 years later. We used random-effects models and predictive marginal effects of the association between varying quantities of alcohol consumption and violence while controlling for possible confounders.
Results
Violence was reported by 19.1% of participants at wave I but just 2.1% at wave IV. The random-effects model showed that consuming 1–4 drinks on each occasion was associated with a modest increase in risk of violence in both males (odds ratio (OR) 1.36, 95% CI 1.13–1.63) and females (OR 1.33, 95% CI 1.03–1.72). For consumption of five or more drinks on each occasion, the risk remained similar for females (OR 1.40 (0.99–1.97)) but increased considerably for males (OR 2.41 (1.96–2.95)). Predictive marginal effects models confirmed that violence rates decreased with age.
Conclusions
Alcohol is most strongly linked to violence among adolescents, so programmes for primary prevention of alcohol-related violence are best targeted towards this age group, particularly males who engage in heavy episodic drinking.
We have analysed data from a large longitudinal, nationally representative sample to investigate the longitudinal relationship between alcohol and violence.
We found that alcohol is more strongly linked to violence among adolescents than in adults, particularly males rather than females who engage in heavy episodic drinking.
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