The addition of water to gasoline can boost octane number and decrease NO x emissions. Oxygenateswhich are already used in gasoline for boosting octane quality (EU) and reducing CO (U.S.)can boost ...water uptake in hydrocarbon fuel. At 20% butanol concentration in a paraffinic PRF 60 fuel, up to 1% water can be absorbed, leading to a boost of 1−3 octane points. However, at a more realistic oxygenates (10%) concentration, only about 0.2% water can be absorbed and this is insufficient for significant octane boosting. The effects are independent of the paraffinic or aromatic nature of the base fuel. We compared a range of oxygenates (alcohols and ethers) in a paraffinic refinery base stream by ranking their ability to absorb water. The best oxygenate species for absorbing water have a thin polar tail and a bulky covalent head with a spatially intermediate polarizable element. The relatively low levels of water uptake suggest that surfactants should still be used, although at lower concentrations as the oxygenate can serve as a cosolvent.
Following a 2003 community forum on unsafe sexual practices among gay men, a follow up community forum was held on February 8, 2004 to address the insufficiently studied linkage between unsafe sexual ...practices, HIV transmission and crystal methamphetamine abuse. The forum was moderated by award-winning playwright and actor, Harvey Fierstein. The forum begins with an introduction by one of the organizers, Dan Carlson, who describes the forum as designed for private citizens to come together, identify with each other and talk about their experiences with crystal methamphetamine and to begin the process of formulating solutions to its widespread abuse. The other conference organizer, Bruce Kellerhouse, PhD, addressed the issue of inadequate public health messages to fight the increased use of crystal meth and an associated rise in HIV infections. He is followed by Peter Staley, an AIDS activist who used his own funds to finance a highly-visible advertising campaign warning of the linkage between crystal meth and HIV. "Trevor P." then recounts his personal experience as a gay man who HIV seroconverted while using crystal meth and who is now in recovery. Steven Tierney, EdD, next discusses obstacles in public health efforts to curb the spread of substance abuse and HIV infection. He also describes public health campaigns used in San Francisco. Steven Lee, MD, discusses psychiatric, psychological and pharmacological issues related to crystal methamphetamine addiction and HIV. The forum then is opened up to the general community, prompting a range of responses from mental health workers, public health workers, government officials, recovering addicts, and concerned citizens.
The Boston HAPPENS Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) Adolescent Provider and Peer Education Network for Services Program is a project supported by Special Projects of National Significance (SPNS) ...Program, HIV/AIDS Bureau, Health Resources and Services Administration, which provides a network of care for homeless, at-risk, and HIV-positive youth (ages 12–24 years), involving eight agencies. The program has provided services to 1301 youth, including 46 who are HIV- positive. Boston HAPPENS provides a citywide network of culturally and developmentally appropriate adolescent-specific care, including: (a) outreach and risk-reduction counseling through professional and adult-supervised peer staff, (b) access to appropriate HIV counseling and testing support services, (c) life management counseling (mental health intake and visits as part of health care and at times of crisis), (d) health status screening and services needs assessment, (e) client-focused, comprehensive, multidisciplinary care and support, (f) follow-up and outreach to ensure continuing care, and (g) integrated care and communication among providers in the metropolitan Boston area. This innovative network of youth-specific care offers a continuum from street outreach to referral and HIV specialty care that crosses institutional barriers.
This article describes data from 4,111 males and 4,085 females participating in 10 HIV/AIDS service demonstration projects. The sample was diverse in age, gender, ethnicity, HIV status, and risk for ...HIV transmission. Logistic regression was used to determine the attributes that best predict substance abuse. Males who were younger; HIV positive; homeless; involved in the criminal justice system; had a sexually transmitted disease (STD); engaged in survival sex; and participated in risky sex with men, women, and drug injectors were most likely to have a substance abuse history. For females, the same predictors were significant, with the exception of having an STD. Odds ratios as high as 6 to 1 were associated with the predictors. Information about sexual and other risk factors also was highly predictive of substance abuse issues among youth.
This article examines the structure of several HIV risk behaviors in an ethnically and geographically diverse sample of 8,251 clients from 10 innovative demonstration projects intended for ...adolescents living with, or at risk for, HIV. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses identified 2 risk factors for men (sexual intercourse with men and a general risk factor) and 3 factors for women (sexual intercourse with men, substance abuse, and a high risky sex behavior factor). All factors except women engaging in risky sex with men strongly predicted known HIV status of clients for men and women. The findings from this investigation highlight the use of structural equation modeling for applied problems involving overlapping and complex sets of risk behaviors in youth who present at community health programs.
Health Initiatives for Youth (HIFY) in San Francisco, California, is an innovative organization providing health-related services for and by young people funded in part by the Special Projects of ...National Significance (SPNS) Program. The HIFY Youth Health Initiative (YHI) is composed of eight youth staff and aims to bring about individual and systemic change, enhance the quality of life for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive and at-risk young people, and increase the responsiveness and youth sensitivity of organizational and community systems. Comprehensive services have been delivered to 136 young men under 25 years, 33.1% of whom are HIV positive, and 164 young women, of whom 12.2% are HIV positive. In addition, thousands of youth and young adults have received lower-intensity services through dozens of educational workshops and presentations. YHI services are implemented through a comprehensive collection of education, training, and support activities that benefit the youth staff who produce them, along with the participants who benefit from the services provided. These activities include a speaker’s bureau, health and advocacy trainings, internships, return-to-work and life skills training, publications, and conferences. Regional and national findings suggest that many youth do not yet comprehend their risk for HIV infection or understand the impact of HIV on their community. In direct response to these needs, HIFY programs inform and encourage access to counseling and testing, and provide meaningful access to adolescent care, treatment, and services.
Over 8,000 adolescents and young adults (4,111 males; 4,085 females) reported on several HIV-related risk behaviors during enrollment into 10 service demonstration projects targeted to youth living ...with, or at risk for, HIV. Distinct risk patterns emerged by gender when predicting HIV serostatus (versus unknown serostatus/negative serostatus). Males who had injection drug risk histories, had sex with an HIV positive partner, had sexually transmitted diseases, had sex with males, and/or were homeless had an inflated risk of being HIV positive. Females who engaged in sex with an HIV partner, had sex with an injection drug user, and/or had sexually transmitted diseases, were at the highest HIV risk. For both samples, engaging in sex with women reduced the likelihood of HIV positive status. Very basic information about risk factors obtained at service intake offers important information about HIV status of "high risk" youth presenting for care in community programs, as well as suggests clear risk factors for targeted preventive efforts.
2,6‐Bis[2‐(4‐benzyloxyphenyl)ethyl]biphenyl Moratti, Stephen C.; Simpson, Jim; Tierney, Steven M.
Acta crystallographica. Section E, Structure reports online,
October 2007, Volume:
63, Issue:
10
Journal Article
The title compound, C42H38O2, comprises a biphenyl system linked symmetrically at the 2‐ and 6‐positions via two ethanediyl chains to two benzyloxyphenyl units. Both the ethanediyl and the benzyl ...ether linkages in the molecule are trans in the solid state, reinforcing the probability of a re‐entrant structure. The rings of the biphenyl are inclined at 85.34 (8)° to one another. In the crystal structure, molecules form centrosymmetric dimers through C—H...O hydrogen bonds and are further linked into a three‐dimensional network by a series of C—H...π interactions.
