Efficient water utilization and greenhouse gas emissions have become the topic of wide scientific interest in the last few decades. In this research, we considered the reduction in the road length ...and the increase in the irrigation channel length after land consolidation. The efficiency of water use is considered as the function of the distance between the water source and crops. The reduction of greenhouse gases is considered as the function of the reduction in the length of the agricultural mechanized transport. A simple mathematical model was developed for calculating the reduction of the road network transport length. The results showed that land consolidation (LC) reduces the road network length, by itself, and provides conditions for an increase in the irrigation channel length. In the case study area, the road network length was reduced by more than one-third (36.8%) and the irrigation channel length was more than doubled (125.9%).
Utilization of reflectorless technology for distance measurements is very useful in surveying practice and improves efficiency of geodetic measurements. Some experience, however, has shown that ...measurements of distance by utilization of reflectorless technology could differ more than expected. In this research, the main aim was to find out if the accuracy and reliability of measured distances by reflectorless technology are on the acceptable level for determination position of the points i.e. their coordinates. Common characteristic of investigated accuracy of distances obtained by reflectorless technology in literature is careful design of experiments and controlled conditions, but in practice it is not the case. That is the reason for designing the experiment, which reflects the conditions as near as possible to the real conditions in practice. The surfaces for measurement were divided into two groups: regular and irregular and differences of distances obtained by reflectorless measurements were investigated in the case of manual and automated sighting. Obtained results show that distances, when measured by using reflectorless technology in only one position of telescope, could not be reliable while the average value of measurements obtained in two positions of telescope are of higher accuracy especially for the longer distances.
The use of the GNSS devices in the RTK mode involves taking a vertical position using a circular spirit vial bubble located on the rod. Since the market of geodetic instruments, accessories and ...software is growing, the authors of this paper performed measurements with the GNSS devices in the RTK mode to determine and demonstrate the impact of the position of the central vial bubble (level) on coordinate accuracy. Measurements were performed on the same rod in the RTK permanent stations network. Instruments of different manufacturers and generations were used in the experiment. Newer generations of the GNSS devices are equipped with special sensors for measuring the inclination of the receiver and eliminating this error. Devices that do not have a sensor give measuring coordinates that are loaded with error. The error is random and cannot be measured. The subject of the analysis of this paper is the magnitude and impact of the error caused by the non-verticality of the rod on which the GNSS-RTK antenna is mounted. The authors experimentally determined that the bubble of the central level has the influence on the accuracy of the position, made conclusions and recommendations for reducing or eliminating the error of non-verticality of the pole.
Land consolidation (LC) is an activity that brings numerous benefits to rural areas. However, being resource demanding, the LC requires a decision on where it should be provided or where the limited ...resources should be distributed in order to maximize its effects. In order to avoid the subjective decision maker’s preferences, optimization methods for identifying the priorities are recommended. Bearing in mind that every optimization method could give different results, we proposed the utilization of multiple optimization methods for ranking the cadastral municipalities which are candidates for providing LC. In this research, the main aim was to find if it is possible to avoid the subjective decision making in cadastral municipalities (CM) as a candidate for LC ranking by utilizing the statistical approach. Additionally, in this research, the analysis was provided, varying the number of optimization criteria. In this research, two assumptions were adopted: (1) every single optimization method has the same weight, and (2) the differences between different ranks are results of random errors. After determining the average ranking of a certain cadastral municipality, its interval of ranking is calculated by using the Student’s distribution. Cadastral municipalities that belong within the interval of available resources are candidates for providing LC. In the case study, fifteen cadastral municipalities were researched, including eight and ten criteria for optimization, and results showed that there are significant differences between ranks of cadastral municipalities varying depending on the method utilized.
An analysis of profitability and effects of land consolidation (LC) projects has been made in this paper. The measurable effects of land consolidation resulting from land consolidation goals such as: ...increase of average area of parcel, decrease of average number of parcels per participant as well as the change in the area of road and canal networks after the land consolidation projects were considered. Profitability was analysed from the aspect of return on investments and net present value of investment in land consolidation. Materials and methods for this study encompass a representative sample from Vojvodina, a part of the Republic of Serbia which is flatland and predominately orientated to agricultural production. The study results indicate that the effects of land consolidation are good and that land consolidation projects are highly profitable.
Urbanization and intensive economic activities and growth are closely related. On the other hand, the economic, especially industrial activities cause the pollution of urban areas. In spite of that ...risk for human health, people strive to live in conditions which offer more chances for improved quality of life. In this paper the connection between the economic chances and healthy risk issues are investigated. To determine the rate of attractiveness of urban complexes the authors introduced the relation between gross domestic product of urban area and the air quality index, called economic attractiveness of urban area. This ratio is quite stable because changes of gross domestic product per capita and air quality index are not expected to be too dynamic and unpredictable. Additionally, the errors in the measuring of gross domestic product and air quality index are quite small and could not affect the result significantly. The results showed that correlation between gross domestic product and air quality index is negative, i.e., that higher gross domestic product per capita (GDP/c) is related with lower air quality index which means greater quality of air. In addition, the coefficient of economic attractiveness showed that urban areas with highest gross domestic product do not have to be the most attractive areas if the air quality index is higher.
U ovome radu prikazani su rezultati analize realizacije poljozaštitnih šumskih pojaseva u postupku komasacije. Istraživanjem su obuhvaćena tri karakteristična projekta komasacije u Autonomnoj ...pokrajini Vojvodini, kroz čije provođenje je trebalo realizirati i projekte poljozaštitnih šumskih pojaseva. S obzirom da se izabrani projekti nalaze u različitim dijelovima područja istraživanja, zaključci izvedeni u ovome radu mogu se smatrati reprezentativnim za teritorij Vojvodine. Studija je pokazala da nije iskorištena prilika za povećanjem šumovitosti Vojvodine, odnosno da projekti poljozaštitnih šumskih pojaseva nisu uopće razmatrani u postupku komasacije ili ako su i uzimani u obzir, zemljište odvojeno za njih nikad nije privedeno namjeni.
The forests as a necessary condition for human civilization existence also are of great ecological and economic importance. This fact is often neglected in practice despite the fact on wide spread scientific knowledge about it. The authors noticed that practice and made research about shelterbelts realization in the numerous cases of theoretical researches as well as in projects of land consolidation projects in Serbia (mostly of them provided in Autonomous Province of Vojvodina as a region where agricultural land dominates). The benefits of shelterbelts are well known from scientific literature and practice for agricultural land protection, but the realization of them in concrete projects are connected with a lot of obstacles. In this paper more than the author ivestigated the projects of land consolidation from the aspect of the chances for building shelterbelts and their realization in practice. The research provided on more than eight hunderd projects of land consolidation has shown that only in a few of them the shelterbelts were forseen and no one of them was realized as designed. The reasons are mostly connected with the resistance of participants in land consolidation to give up of their land for shelterbelts building, with lack of capacities for seedlings providing and with the insufficient attention paid to this issue in legal regulation.
In this paper the results of analysis of shelterbelts in the process of land consolidation are shown. Research encompassed three different and distinguished projects of land consolidation in Autonomous Province of Vojvodina - The Republic of Serbia, through which realization was required to provide the projects of shelterbelts. Bearing in mind that chosen projects are spread in different geographical areas of research fields, the conclusions obtained in this paper could be considered as representative for Vojvodina. The Vojvodina is especcialy interesting for research because this region is lacking with forest. To reach the standards of 0.16 hecteares per citizen the woodlands in Vojvodina shall be increased from actual value of 193,621 hectares to the values of 308,045 hectares. Bearing in mind that importance of agricultural land and its preservation in the future from the aspect of sustainable development the land consolidation projects are the best chance for reaching before mention goal of increasing woodlands in Vojvodina. The study has shown that chance for increasing forest area in Vojvodina was not utilized, i.e. that projects of shelterbelts were not taken into consideration, and even if they were, the considered area was never brought to the designed goals. The visualization of project solutions and the actual implementation of the shelterbelts in the considered municipalities is shown in Figures 1-6. Overview of the number of analyzed projects of land consolidation, the number of land consolidation projects where was planned the establishment of shelterbelts and the number of land consolidation projects where are realized shelterbelts is given in Table 1.
Obnavljanje visinskog sustava periodičan je proces kojem je svrha da se različitim korisnicima kontinuirano osigura kvalitetan, pouzdan i ažuran visinski podatak. Zbog zastarjelosti visinskih ...podataka Republici Hrvatskoj predstoji obnova referentnoga visinskog sustava. U radu se istražuje kako su neke europske zemlje pristupile rješavanju tog problema te se na pregledan način prikazuju visinski sustavi u tim zemljama. Prilikom obnove temeljne mreže geometrijskog nivelmana u Republici Hrvatskoj morat će se uzeti u obzir činjenica da su na prostoru bivše zajedničke države nastale nove države, potreba za prihvaćanjem novoga visinskog sustava (normalni ili ortometrijski) te važnost nivelmanskih vlakova u susjednim državama za konfiguraciju nacionalne temeljne nivelmanske mreže.
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