This study evaluated the effect of 5 dietary fibers (apple, orange, oat, bamboo, and wheat) on the physicochemical, rheological, and textural characteristics; sensory properties; and culture ...viability of probiotic ice cream stored at −18°C for 180 d. The presence of orange and apple fibers increased the titratable acidity, decreased the lightness (color) value of the ice creams, and enhanced the red and yellow coloration. Compared with the control sample, the consistency indices and apparent viscosities of the experimental samples increased with the addition of all dietary fibers except oat fiber. The highest viscosity was obtained in the sample fortified with apple fiber, whereas the ice cream containing orange fiber showed the highest hardness after d 60 of storage. The addition of orange and apple fibers significantly increased melting resistance; however, panelists did not generally like these samples in terms of taste-flavor. All ice creams had viable counts of Lactobacillus acidophilus of ≥7 log cfu/g during storage except the samples with orange and bamboo fiber. Bifidobacterium lactis counts were also found to be >6 log cfu/g in those samples until d 150 of storage.
The aim of this study is to introduce a new method for the evaluation of complexity properties of time series by extending Higuchi’s fractal dimension (HFD) over multiple scales. Multiscale Higuchi’s ...fractal dimension (MSHG) is presented and demonstrated on a number of stochastic time series and chaotic time series, starting with the examination of the selection of the effective scaling filter among several widely used filtering methods and then diving into the application of HFD through the scales obtained by coarse-graining procedure. Moreover, on the basis of MSHG, fractal dimension and Hurst exponent relationship are studied by employing MSHG method with computation of Hurst value in multiple scales, simultaneously. Consequently, it is found that the proposed method, MSHG produces remarkable results by exposing unique complexity features of time series in multiple scales. It is also discovered that MSHG with multiscale Hurst exponent calculation leads to revelation of distinguishing patterns between verifying stochastic time series and diverging chaotic time series. In light of these findings, it can be inferred that the proposed methods can be utilized for the characterization and classification of time series in terms of complexity.
The aim morphing of this study is to detect and reconstruct a fault in angle-of-attack sensor and pitot probes that are components in commercial aircrafts, without false alarm and no need for ...additional measurements. Real flight data collected from a local airline was used to design the relevant system. Correlation analysis was performed to select the data related to the angle-of-attack and airspeed. Fault detection and reconstruction were carried out by using Adaptive Neural Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) and Artificial Neural Networks (ANN), which are machine-learning methods. No false alarm was detected when the fault test following the fault modeling was carried out at 0–1 s range by filtering the residual signal. When the fault was detected, fault reconstruction process was initiated so that system output could be achieved according to estimated sensor data. Instead of using the methods based on hardware redundancy, we designed a new system within the scope of this study.
The influence of milk protein-based ingredients on the textural characteristics, sensory properties, and microstructure of probiotic yogurt during a refrigerated storage period of 28 d was studied. ...Milk was fortified with 2% (wt/vol) skim milk powder as control, 2% (wt/vol) sodium calcium caseinate (SCaCN), 2% (wt/vol) whey protein concentrate (WPC) or a blend of 1% (wt/vol) SCaCNand 1% (wt/vol) WPC. A commercial yogurt starter culture and Bifidobacterium lactis Bb12 as probiotic bacteria were used for the production. The fortification with SCaCN improved the firmness and adhesiveness. Higher values of viscosity were also obtained in probiotic yogurts with SCaCN during storage. However, WPC enhanced water-holding capacity more than the caseinate. Addition of SCaCN resulted in a coarse, smooth, and more compact protein network; however, WPC gave finer and bunched structures in the scanning electron microscopy micrographs. The use of SCaCN decreased texture scores in probiotic yogurt; probably due to the lower water-holding capacity and higher syneresis values in the caseinate-added yogurt sample. Therefore, the textural characteristics of probiotic yogurts improved depending on the ingredient variety.
To engineer tissue-like structures, cells must organize themselves into three-dimensional (3D) networks that mimic the native tissue microarchitecture. Microfabricated hydrogel substrates provide a ...potentially useful platform for directing cells into biomimetic tissue architecture in vitro. Here, we present microgrooved methacrylated gelatin hydrogels as a suitable platform to build muscle-like fibrous structures in a facile and highly reproducible fashion. Microgrooved hydrogel substrates with two different ridge sizes (50 and 100 μm) were fabricated to assess the effect of the distance between engineered myofibers on the orientation of the bridging C2C12 myoblasts and the formation of the resulting multinucleated myotubes. It was shown that although the ridge size did not significantly affect the C2C12 myoblast alignment, the wider-ridged micropatterned hydrogels generated more myotubes that were not aligned to the groove direction as compared to those on the smaller-ridge micropatterns. We also demonstrated that electrical stimulation improved the myoblast alignment and increased the diameter of the resulting myotubes. By using the microstructured methacrylated gelatin substrates, we built free-standing 3D muscle sheets, which contracted when electrically stimulated. Given their robust contractility and biomimetic microarchitecture, engineered tissues may find use in tissue engineering, biological studies, high-throughput drug screening, and biorobotics.
A
bstract
Continuum models for time-reversal (TR) invariant topological insulators (Tis) in
d
≥ 3 dimensions are provided by harmonic oscillators coupled to certain SO(
d
) gauge fields. These models ...are equivalent to the presence of spin-orbit (SO) interaction in the oscillator Hamiltonians at a critical coupling strength (equivalent to the harmonic oscillator frequency) and leads to flat Landau Level (LL) spectra and therefore to infinite degeneracy of either the positive or the negative helicity states depending on the sign of the SO coupling. Generalizing the results of
1
to
d
≥ 4, we construct vector operators commuting with these Hamiltonians and show that SO(
d,
2) emerges as the non-compact extended dynamical symmetry. Focusing on the model in four dimensions, we demonstrate that the infinite degeneracy of the flat spectra can be fully explained in terms of the discrete unitary representations of SO(4,2), i.e. the
doubletons.
The degeneracy in the opposite helicity branch is finite, but can still be explained exploiting the complex conjugate
doubleton
representations. Subsequently, the analysis is generalized to
d
-dimensions, distinguishing the cases of odd and even
d.
We also determine the spectrum generating algebra in these models and briefly comment on the algebraic organization of the LL states w.r.t. an underlying “deformed” AdS geometry as well as on the organization of the surface states under open boundary conditions in view of our results.
In this article, we explore the low energy structure of a U(3) gauge theory over spaces with fuzzy sphere(s) as extra dimensions. In particular, we determine the equivariant parametrization of the ...gauge fields, which transform either invariantly or as vectors under the combined action of SU(2) rotations of the fuzzy spheres and those U(3) gauge transformations generated by SU(2)subset or is implied byU(3) carrying the spin 1 irreducible representation of SU(2). The cases of a single fuzzy sphere (ProQuest: Formulae and/or non-USASCII text omitted) and a particular direct sum of concentric fuzzy spheres, (ProQuest: Formulae and/or non-USASCII text omitted), covering the monopole bundle sectors with windings + or -1 are treated in full and the low energy degrees of freedom for the gauge fields are obtained. Employing the parametrizations of the fields in the former case, we determine a low energy action by tracing over the fuzzy sphere and show that the emerging model is Abelian Higgs type with U(1)xU(1) gauge symmetry and possesses vortex solutions on R super(2), which we discuss in some detail. Generalization of our formulation to the equivariant parametrization of gauge fields in U(n) theories is also briefly addressed.
The effect of inulin, polydextrose and Hi-maize resistant starch on probiotic viability under simulated gastrointestinal conditions and sensory characteristics of ABT (Lactobacillus acidophilus La-5 ...and Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis Bb-12, and Streptococcus thermophilus) fermented milk was investigated during 28 days. B. animalis presented higher survival rates under gastrointestinal stress than L. acidophilus. Although inulin addition enhanced viable counts of L. acidophilus more than those of other prebiotics during the gastric and enteric-1 phases, all samples showed similar L. acidophilus survival after the enteric-2 phase. The supplementation with Hi-maize indicated a protective effect on B. animalis tolerance to simulated gastrointestinal conditions on the 14th and 28th days. Inulin or Hi-maize did not affect the sensory properties of fermented milk whereas the product supplemented with polydextrose had the lowest scores specifically at the end of the storage period.
Schizophrenia is a common psychiatric disease that cannot be fully treated with current antipsychotic drugs. It has shown that glutamatergic NMDA receptor antagonists such as MK-801 cause ...schizophrenia-like phenotype in rodents. Recent studies indicated that α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) deficits contribute to schizophrenia. Enhancing its activity with agonist or positive allosteric modulators (PAMs) may be a valuable approach for treatment. The certain intracellular pathways such as Akt/Glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta (GSK-3β) and phosphodiesterase-4 (PDE-4)/cAMP are associated with the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. In this study, we examined the effect of α7 nAChR agonists and PAMs on the behavioral and molecular phenotype of schizophrenia in the subchronic MK-801 administered rats. Social interaction, the levels of α7 nAChR, and related intracellular pathways (cAMP, PDE4A, PDE4D, p-Akt/Akt, p-GSK-3β/GSK-3β) were measured by behavioral or ELISA and western blot tests. Subchronic MK-801 administration decreased the following behaviors and increased the avoiding behaviors. However, only α7 nAChR agonist (A-582941) increased the following behavior while α7 nAChR agonist, PAMs (CCMI and PNU-120596), and clozapine decreased the avoiding behavior compared to MK-801. For molecular parameters, MK-801 administration decreased the α7 nAChR, p-Akt/Akt, p-GSK-3β/GSK-3β expressions, and cAMP levels while it increased PDE4A, PDE4D expressions in the prefrontal cortex. Besides, MK-801 decreased the α7 nAChR, p-GSK-3β/GSK-3β expressions in the hippocampus. We found clozapine, α7 nAChR agonists, and PAMs reversed the molecular deficits induced by MK-801. Herein, we showed that prefrontal cortex is more sensitive to the devastating effects of subchronic MK-801 administration, especially for PDE4, in rats. In addition to clozapine, α7 nAChR agonists and PAMs found to be beneficial on both social and molecular deficits induced by MK-801 in rats. We suggested that α7 nAChR agonists and PAMs might be valuable approaches to treat negative symptoms of schizophrenia when unmet needs and current limitations considered in this pathology.
•MK-801 caused deficits in social behaviors, Akt/GSK-3β, PDE4/cAMP pathways in rats.•α7 nAChR agonist and PAMs reversed MK-801 induced social deficits in rats.•α7 nAChR agonist and PAMs decreased MK-801 induced GSK-3β activation.•α7 nAChR agonist and PAMs supressed PDE4 expressions induced by MK-801.•α7 nAChR agonist and PAMs increased MK-801 decreased cAMP levels in prefrontal cortex.
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