The particle že is among the most frequent words in Croatian Glagolitic texts written in Croatian Church Slavonic Language. Furthermore, as a distinct Church Slavonic word it is a good distinctive ...feature for the identification of such texts. It is often used as an adjunctive particle or a coordinating conjunction. We can also frequently find it in the function of a simple affix to different words with which it initially stood enhancing their meaning. This paper examines the status of that kind of že, the emphatic one, as an independent word in Croatian Church Slavonic. It is shown that the particle že – already only sporadically confirmed in its emphatic role in Old Church Slavonic with imperatives, question words or other words that carry emphasis – in the Croatian Glagolitic texts appears as a distinct archaism that, through various editorial interventions, was usually disposed of from the system. This might be attributed to the fact that the original Glagolitic texts were either adapted to Latin or created according to the Latin template, and that the Latin language did not have a corresponding particle. But its disappearance is more likely due to the fact that the Church Slavonic texts emerged in the area where the (Čakavian) Croatian language was spoken, in which že had probably already disappeared long since and functioned only as a phonetically changed affix -re.
U
suvremenom se hrvatskom jeziku pravi jednostavni niječni imperativi u pravilu
tvore od nesvršenih glagola (Ne dirajte mi ravnicu!). U prvom slavenskom
književnom jeziku, starocrkvenoslavenskom, ...niječni su se imperativi mogli
tvoriti od svršenih glagola, pri čemu se u literaturi navodila djelomična podudarnost
s grčkim jezikom, odnosno s grčkim konjunktivima prezenta i aorista. U radu se
ispituje odnos svršenih i nesvršenih pravih niječnih imperativa u prvom
hrvatskom književnom jeziku, hrvatskom crkvenoslavenskom, s posebnim naglaskom
na odnos s latinskim jezikom predložaka. Komparativno
korpusno istraživanje provedeno je na tekstu hrvatskoglagoljskoga II.
beramskoga brevijara(15. st.). Analiza je podataka pokazala da se glagolski vid
upotrebljava neovisno o latinskom predlošku. Osim toga, kvantitativni podaci
sugeriraju da u hrvatskom crkvenoslavenskom razdoblju nije još došlo do
zapaženijega potiskivanja uporabe svršenoga vida s pravim niječnim
imperativima
In the
contemporary Croatian language the true simple negative imperative is, in
general, formed by using the imperfective aspect of a verb:
(1) Ne dirajteIPFV mi ravnicu!
*Ne dirnitePFV mi ravnicu!
Not mess-2PL I-DAT.SG plain-ACC.SG
‘Don’t mess with my plain!’
In the first Slavic literary language, Old
Church Slavonic, it was also possible to form a true simple negative imperative
by using the perfective aspect of a verb. However, it was noticed in the
literature that a partial congruence between the Old Church Slavonic
imperfective and the perfective true negative imperative, on the one hand, and
the Old Greek present and aorist subjunctive, on the other, existed. This paper
looks at imperfective and perfective negative imperatives in the first Croatian
literary language, Croatian Church Slavonic, with emphasis on the relationship
with the Latin source texts. A comparative corpus analysis has been conducted
on the Second Beram Breviary, a Croatian Glagolitic manuscript from the 15th
century. The analysis shows that the usage of verb aspect in the Croatian
Church Slavonic true simple negative imperative was independent of the
influence of the Latin language. Also, the quantitative data suggest that no
notable decline of perfective aspect with true simple imperative had occurred
during the Croatian Church Slavonic period.
Hrvatski za-infinitiv Vela, Jozo
FLUMINENSIA,
07/2019, Volume:
31, Issue:
1
Journal Article, Paper
Peer reviewed
Open access
Upotrebu infinitiva u primjeru Imate li sobu za iznajmiti? u suvremenom hrvatskom jeziku obično se
naziva „prijedložnim infinitivom“ ili „konstrukcijom za + infinitiv“. Infinitiv
upotrijebljen sa za ...smatra se
negramatičnom pojavom, posuđenicom iz stranih jezika te se preporuča
izbjegavanje takvog izričaja u biranijem književnom izrazu. U radu se predlaže drukčiji pristup i ukazuje
na to da je moguće riječ o unutarnjem jezičnom razvoju, kako je to naznačio već
i I. Pranjković. Štoviše, za-infinitiv u hrvatskom jeziku slijedi
univerzalni put semantičke i formalne gramatikalizacije infinitiva kakav je
ocrtao M. Haspelmath. Pokazat će se to na temelju povijesne građe hrvatskog
književnog jezika te na temelju određenih usporedbi s drugim europskim
jezicima. U skladu s time, na kraju se predlaže novi formalni opis ovakve
upotrebe infinitiva u hrvatskom jeziku.
The use of the
infinitive in sentences such as
Imate li
sobu za iznajmiti?
in the modern Croatian language is usually called “prepositional
infinitive” or “
za
+ infinitive construction” . Infinitive used with
za
is considered to be ungrammatical and a loan from other
languages, namely German and/or Italian. It is therefore recommended to avoid
using such an expression in a finer literary discourse. This paper
proposes a different approach and points out that the
za
-infinitive might be an issue of internal language change, as has
already been indicated by Pranjkovi ć . Furthermore, it shows that the Croatian
za
-infinitive follows the universal path
of semantic and formal grammaticalization of the infinitive, as outlined by
Haspelmath. Such a claim is supported by evidence from older texts in the
Croatian language, as well as by certain comparisons with other European
languages. Consequently, a new formal description of the infinitive use in
question is proposed.
Given the fact that various external factors can influence a language and modify it at all levels, the influence of these factors on word order in Croatian will be discussed here. More precisely, ...this research will provide an analysis of how and to what extent external factors, especially contact with Latin and the language policy of the Roman Catholic Church, affected word order in Croatian (Štokavian) Bible translations. Since the word order of translated texts is the focus of this research, the various approaches to translating the Bible are explained within translation theory. The emphasis shall be on translations made under the auspices of the Roman Catholic Church after the Council of Trent (1545–63), when translation and interpretation of the Bible had to be based on the Vulgate. The extent of borrowing from the syntax of the Vulgate in post- Trent Bible translations is evinced from the example of Kašić’s Bible translation (1625–36). Borrowing from Latin caused changes in Croatian syntax, and among these were also changes in word order. However, since many of them were inconsistent with existing syntactic structures and induced by changeable external factors, most were retained as stable features of the language only for as long as the external factors remained unchanged.
Šimun Kožičić Benja’s Misal hruacki (1531) holds a special place amongst the Croatian Glagolitic missals. Namely, recent studies have shown it to be the first comprehensive Croatian redaction of ...Bible readings according to the Vulgate, and to execute this redaction, Kožičić probably made use of some contemporary Latin missal of Venetian provenance. Since the syntax has largely remained outside the range of previous studies, it is thoroughly explored in this paper. While relying on Latin syntax, Kožičić ended up using forms and structures which to some degree deviate from the Croatian Church Slavonic language tradition. At the same time, he occasionally deviates from both Latin and Croatian Church Slavonic in favor of Old Croatian forms and constructions. Thus the analysis of the syntax also confirms the presence of planning in his conception of literary language, where the status of Croatian Church Slavonic and Old Croatian (Čakavian) elements is defined and to some extent standardized. While the analysis of the selected syntactic features, as expected, affirms the strong dependence of the Misal hruacki on its Latin template, it also shows that the impact of this template should not be overstated. Kožičić does not blindly copy Latin constructions in order to adhere to his source, but rather takes Latin as an incentive and a reliable model on which he can construct a literary language based on clear syntactic principles.
Šimun Kožičić Benja’s Misal hruacki (1531) holds a special place amongst the Croatian Glagolitic missals. Namely, recent studies have shown it to be the first comprehensive Croatian redaction of ...Bible readings according to the Vulgate, and to execute this redaction, Kožičić probably made use of some contemporary Latin missal of Venetian provenance. Since the syntax has largely remained outside the range of previous studies, it is thoroughly explored in this paper. While relying on Latin syntax, Kožičić ended up using forms and structures which to some degree deviate from the Croatian Church Slavonic language tradition. At the same time, he occasionally deviates from both Latin and Croatian Church Slavonic in favor of Old Croatian forms and constructions. Thus the analysis of the syntax also confirms the presence of planning in his conception of literary language, where the status of Croatian Church Slavonic and Old Croatian (Čakavian) elements is defined and to some extent standardized. While the analysis of the selected syntactic features, as expected, affirms the strong dependence of the Misal hruacki on its Latin template, it also shows that the impact of this template should not be overstated. Kožičić does not blindly copy Latin constructions in order to adhere to his source, but rather takes Latin as an incentive and a reliable model on which he can construct a literary language based on clear syntactic principles.
Given the fact that various external factors can influence a language and modify it at all levels, the influence of these factors on word order in Croatian will be discussed here. More precisely, ...this research will provide an analysis of how and to what extent external factors, especially contact with Latin and the language policy of the Roman Catholic Church, affected word order in Croatian (Stokavian) Bible translations. Since the word order of translated texts is the focus of this research, the various approaches to translating the Bible are explained within translation theory. The emphasis shall be on translations made under the auspices of the Roman Catholic Church after the Council of Trent (1545-63), when translation and interpretation of the Bible had to be based on the Vulgate. The extent of borrowing from the syntax of the Vulgate in post-Trent Bible translations is evinced from the example of Kasic's Bible translation (1625-36). Borrowing from Latin caused changes in Croatian syntax, and among these were also changes in word order. However, since many of them were inconsistent with existing syntactic structures and induced by changeable external factors, most were retained as stable features of the language only for as long as the external factors remained unchanged. Adapted from the source document
Misal hruacki (1531) Šimuna Kožičića Benje zauzima posebno mjesto među hrvatskoglagoljskim misalima. Recentna su istraživanja naime utvrdila da je riječ o prvoj hrvatskoj potpunoj redakciji ...biblijskih čitanja prema Vulgati, pri čijem se priređivanju Kožičić zasigurno služio nekim onovremenim latinskim misalom venecijanske provenijencije. Budući da je sintaksa ostala uglavnom izvan dovida dosadašnjih istraživanja, ovdje se pažnja sustavnije posvećuje upravo toj jezičnoj razini. Slijedeći latinsku sintaksu, Kožičić s jedne strane rabi oblike i konstrukcije kojima odstupa od hrvatskocrkvenoslavenske tradicije, dok s druge strane gdjekad odstupa i od latinskoga i od hrvatskoga crkvenoslavenskoga jezika dajući prednost starohrvatskim konstrukcijama. Time se osmišljenost njegove koncepcije književnoga jezika, u kojoj je odnos hrvatskih crkvenoslavenskih i starohrvatskih (čakavskih) jezičnih elemenata uređen i donekle standardiziran, potvrđuje i na sintaktičkoj razini. Iako raščlamba odabranih sintaktičkih tema očekivano potvrđuje jaku ovisnost Misala hruackoga o latinskome predlošku, ujedno ukazuje i na to da s naglašavanjem toga utjecaja ne valja pretjerivati. Kožičić ne preslikava slijepo latinske konstrukcije samo radi približavanja predlošku, već latinski jezik shvaća ponajprije kao poticaj i primjer gradnje vlastitoga književnoga jezika te njegova oblikovanja na jasnim sintaktičkim načelima. ____________________ Šimun Kožičić Benja’s Misal hruacki (1531) holds a special place amongst the Croatian Glagolitic missals. Namely, recent studies have shown it to be the first comprehensive Croatian redaction of Bible readings according to the Vulgate, and to execute this redaction, Kožičić probably made use of some contemporary Latin missal of Venetian provenance. Since the syntax has largely remained outside the range of previous studies, it is thoroughly explored in this paper. While relying on Latin syntax, Kožičić ended up using forms and structures which to some degree deviate from the Croatian Church Slavonic language tradition. At the same time, he occasionally deviates from both Latin and Croatian Church Slavonic in favor of Old Croatian forms and constructions. Thus the analysis of the syntax also confirms the presence of planning in his conception of literary language, where the status of Croatian Church Slavonic and Old Croatian (Čakavian) elements is defined and to some extent standardized. While the analysis of the selected syntactic features, as expected, affirms the strong dependence of the Misal hruacki on its Latin template, it also shows that the impact of this template should not be overstated. Kožičić does not blindly copy Latin constructions in order to adhere to his source, but rather takes Latin as an incentive and a reliable model on which he can construct a literary language based on clear syntactic principles.
This
paper deals with textual transmission in pre-Tridentine Croatian Glagolitic
missals and breviaries. Previous research has demonstrated that northern
(Krk-Istria) codices follow earlier ...translations from Greek, whereas southern
(Zadar-Krbava) codices have been adjusted to Latin exemplars. However, this
differentiation is not clear-cut – certain codices are recognised as a
combination of the northern and southern group. The paper addresses the
inability to establish a
stemma codicum
, explaining this through both the
high loss rate of Croatian Glagolitic codices and horizontal textual
transmission (the usage of more than one exemplar). Further insight into the
given topic is provided through discussion of the types of Glagolitic scribes
(simple scribe, scholar-scribe, redactor-like scribe, and redactor-scribe) and the
determinants of their work, the most prominent of which is the absence of
authorial authority. The core of the paper is the study of little chapters as texts
shared between breviaries and missals. Data analysis suggests the two
liturgical books share a common origin, and that each was likely used as a
source for the other. Moreover, data analysis also broadens the notion of the polygenetic
origin of Croatian
Glagolitic books, which should be understood not only in terms of successive contaminations,
but simultaneous contaminations as well. Both types of contamination are
sometimes extra-stemmatic, which means that different kinds of sources were
used by Glagolitic scribes during copying (including older Glagolitic missals
and breviaries, other Church Slavonic books such as the
Prophetologion
or
Apostolos
,
and personal memory). The paper offers an explanation as to why it is unlikely that
a Glagolitic Bible and Latin exemplars were (commonly) used as sources.
Članak
je posvećen pitanju nastanka hrvatskoglagoljskih liturgijskih knjiga, odnosno
procesu uspostavljanja i prijepisa (transmisije) tekstova u predtridentinskim
hrvatskoglagoljskim brevijarima i misalima. Dosadašnjim je pojedinačnim
tekstološkim istraživanjima (najčešće različitih biblijskih i hagiografskih
tekstova) uspostavljena filijacijska razlika između sjeverne (krčko-istarske) i
južne (zadarsko-krbavske) skupine liturgijskih knjiga, pri čemu prvu
karakteriziraju stariji prijevodi s grčkoga jezika, a drugu prilagođenost
latinskim izvorima. No redovito su uočeni i oni tekstovi, tj. kodeksi koji se
ne mogu svrstati ni u jednu od navedenih skupina zato što sadrže značajke
obiju. U članku se raspravlja zašto u dosadašnjim tekstološkim istraživanjima
hrvatskoglagoljske pismenosti s obzirom na filijacijske odnose nije bilo mnogo
pokušaja ni uspjeha da se uspostavi
stemma
codicum
. Vjerojatni su razlozi ograničen broj sačuvanih kodeksa (tj. visoka
stopa gubitka) te horizontalna tradicija hrvatskoglagoljskih kodeksa (upotreba
više od jednoga izvora prilikom transmisije teksta). S obzirom na važnost
pisara u produkciji srednjovjekovne knjige, u članku su promišljeni tipovi
glagoljskih pisara (jednostavan pisar, obrazovan pisar, pisar kao redaktor, pisar
redaktor) i determinante njihova rada. Temeljnom je izdvojena činjenica da u
hrvatskoglagoljskoj pismenosti nije postojao autorski autoritet, a tako ni
pojam originalnosti teksta. Drugim riječima, inačice tekstova uspostavljene od pisara
kao redaktora i pisara redaktora imale su sve jednak autoritet. Osim toga, te
su inačice poimane kao jedan od mogućih izvora u svakom sljedećem ispisivanju
teksta. Središnji je dio rada posvećen kapitulima, relevantnima zato što sadrže
biblijski tekst koji donose i brevijari i misali. Analiza kapitula provedena je
međusobnom usporedbom zadanih biblijskih redaka u sačuvanim hrvatskoglagoljskim
brevijarima i misalima kao i usporedbom s grčkim, latinskim i drugim
crkvenoslavenskim (ćirilskim) inačicama tih redaka. Rezultati provedene analize
govore u prilog tezi da obje liturgijske knjige imaju isti postanak (u smislu
da su nastale istovremeno ili približno istovremeno djelovanjem iste grupe
pojedinaca kojima je bila povjerena ta zadaća) i da su služile kao uzajamni
izvori prilikom transmisije tekstova tijekom predtridentinskoga razdoblja.
Analiza je još jednom potvrdila horizontalnost tradicije, odnosno poligenezu
hrvatskoglagoljskih liturgijskih tekstova, vidljivu ne samo u otprije
prepoznatim sukcesivnim kontaminacijama (služenje različitim izvorima za
različite tekstove ili dijelove tekstova) nego i u simultanim kontaminacijama (služenje
različitim izvorima za isti tekst, dio teksta ili redak). Oba tipa
kontaminacije podrazumijevaju transmisiju teksta na temelju više raznovrsnih
izvora (starije hrvatskoglagoljske liturgijske knjige, druge crkvenoslavenske
knjige poput parimejnika ili apostola, ali i pisarovo pamćenje). Premda je
zamislivo da je jedan od izvora bila i glagoljska Biblija, članak nudi
objašnjenje zašto je to, s obzirom na zadane društveno-povijesne okolnosti,
malo vjerojatno. Konačno, na temelju izvantekstnih i unutartekstnih zadatosti,
preispitana je općeprihvaćena pretpostavka o raspoloživosti latinskih
predložaka (tzv. matica). Suprotno ranijim promišljanjima, zaključeno je da je
zagledanje u latinske predloške bila rijetka povlastica koju su mogli uživati
uglavnom pisari redaktori. Oni su i bili nositelji reforme glagoljskih
liturgijskih knjiga u 13. stoljeću kao i triju poznatih revizija prema
latinskim predlošcima (12., 13. i 14. st.). Nevezani za latinske inačice,
ostali su pisari u priličnoj slobodi uspostavljali i prepisivali tekstove
pomažući se pritom različitim nelatinskim (slavenskim) izvorima. Vođeni
vlastitim subjektivim doživljajem ispravnoga značenja stvorili su knjige čiju
višeslojnu i heterogenu genezu istraživači još uvijek nisu uspjeli dokraja
dokučiti.
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