: α‐Tocopherol modulates two major signal transduction pathways centered on protein kinase C and phosphatidylinositol 3‐kinase. Changes in the activity of these key kinases are associated with ...changes in cell proliferation, platelet aggregation, and NADPH‐oxidase activation. Several genes are also regulated by tocopherols partly because of the effects of tocopherol on these two kinases, but also independently of them. These genes can be divided in five groups: Group 1. Genes that are involved in the uptake and degradation of tocopherols: α‐tocopherol transfer protein, cytochrome P450 (CYP3A), γ‐glutamyl‐cysteine synthetase heavy subunit, and glutathione‐S‐transferase. Group 2. Genes that are implicated with lipid uptake and atherosclerosis: CD36, SR‐BI, and SR‐AI/II. Group 3. Genes that are involved in the modulation of extracellular proteins: tropomyosin, collagen‐α‐1, MMP‐1, MMP‐19, and connective tissue growth factor. Group 4. Genes that are connected to adhesion and inflammation: E‐selectin, ICAM‐1 integrins, glycoprotein IIb, IL‐2, IL‐4, IL‐1b, and transforming growth factor‐β (TGF‐β). Group 5. Genes implicated in cell signaling and cell cycle regulation: PPAR‐γ, cyclin D1, cyclin E, Bcl2‐L1, p27, CD95 (APO‐1/Fas ligand), and 5a‐steroid reductase type 1. The transcription of p27, Bcl2, α‐tocopherol transfer protein, cytochrome P450 (CYP3A), γ‐glutamyl‐cysteine sythetase heavy subunit, tropomyosin, IL‐2, and CTGF appears to be upregulated by one or more tocopherols. All the other listed genes are downregulated. Gene regulation by tocopherols has been associated with protein kinase C because of its deactivation by α‐tocopherol and its contribution in the regulation of a number of transcription factors (NF‐κB, AP1). A direct participation of the pregnane X receptor (PXR) / retinoid X receptor (RXR) has been also shown. The antioxidant‐responsive element (ARE) and the TGF‐β‐responsive element (TGF‐β‐RE) appear in some cases to be implicated as well.
Nitroalkenes, the nitration products of unsaturated fatty acids formed via NO-dependent oxidative reactions, have been demonstrated to exert strong biological actions in endothelial cells and ...monocytes/macrophages; however, little is known about their effects on vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). The present study examined the role of nitro-linoleic acid (LNO(2)) in the regulation of VSMC proliferation. We observed that LNO(2) inhibited VSMC proliferation in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, LNO(2) induced growth arrest of VSMCs in the G(1)/S phase of the cell cycle with an upregulation of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p27(kip1). Furthermore, LNO(2) triggered nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) nuclear translocation and activation of the antioxidant-responsive element-driven transcriptional activity via impairing Kelch-like ECH-associating protein 1 (Keap1)-mediated negative control of Nrf2 activity in VSMCs. LNO(2) upregulated the expression of Nrf2 protein levels, but not mRNA levels, in VSMCs. A forced activation of Nrf2 led to an upregulation of p27(kip1) and growth inhibition of VSMCs. In contrast, knock down of Nrf2 using an Nrf2 siRNA approach reversed the LNO(2)-induced upregulation of p27(kip1) and inhibition of cellular proliferation in VSMCs. These studies provide the first evidence that nitroalkene LNO(2) inhibits VSMC proliferation through activation of the Keap1/Nrf2 signaling pathway, suggesting an important role of nitroalkenes in vascular biology.
Aims
Our previous studies documented that Rad (Ras associated with diabetes), a member of the RGK (Rad, Gem, and Kir) family of Ras-related small G protein, is significantly decreased in human ...failing hearts and plays an important role in attenuating cardiac hypertrophy. The goal of this study is to identify the effect of Rad on cardiac fibrosis and the underlying mechanisms.
Methods and results
Rad knockout (KO) mice showed more severe cardiac fibrosis compared with wild-type littermate controls as detected by Sirius Red staining. Western blot analyses demonstrated that the expression of connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), a key mediator of fibrosis, increased dramatically in Rad KO mice. Overexpression of Rad in cultured neonatal cardiomyocytes suppressed both basal and transforming growth factor-β1-induced CTGF expression. Elevated CTGF expression was observed in cardiomyocytes when Rad was reduced by RNA interference. Moreover, cardiac fibroblasts produced greater extracellular matrix (ECM) when stimulated with conditioned medium from Rad-knockdown cardiomyocytes. ECM production was completely abolished by adding a CTGF-neutralizing antibody into the medium. CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein δ (C/EBP-δ) was demonstrated to activate CTGF in cardiomyocytes. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assay and co-immunoprecipitation further demonstrated that Rad inhibited the binding of C/EBP-δ to the CTGF promoter via direct interaction with C/EBP-δ.
Conclusion
Our data reveal that Rad deficiency can lead to cardiac fibrosis. Rad inhibits CTGF expression through binding with C/EBP-δ, thus regulating ECM production in the heart. This study suggests a potential link between decreased Rad levels and increased cardiac fibrosis in human failing hearts.
Al estudiar el largometraje artesanal pequeñoburgués María y los niños pobres (2010) de Leonidas Zegarra Uceda (2/2/1949-29/12/2020), cineasta peruano, en el marco de la narración paramétrica, ...teorizada por Noël Burch y David Bordwell, se puede demostrar su originalidad formal como flujo de técnicas fílmicas en cuanto la organización de sus parámetros no se asemeja a la de otras obras hasta donde se conoce. Adicionalmente, en el marco teórico de la sociología de Pierre Bourdieu, se puede demostrar con ejemplos históricos que los artistas e intelectuales que toman posición por la innovación formal en el cine, propia de la práctica del “distanciamiento estético”, lo hacen en lucha contra la “estética popular” sobre la cual la producción industrial dominante en el mercado elabora formas estandarizadas que pretende son los modelos legítimos de “arte cinematográfico”.
The utilization of agro-industrial by-products and andean cereals in the elaboration of functional foods is evidenced in current research. Cereal bars stand out as fast foods with high nutritional ...value. The objective of the research was to formulate cereal bars counting as ingredients of oat bran study, pineapple peel powder and quinoa flakes; with adequate values of protein, firmness, sensory acceptance, dietary fiber and phenolic compounds. A simplex mix design with expanded centroid with a working range of 0 – 31,34% was applied. A significant effect of oat bran, pineapple peel powder and quinoa flakes was found on the response variables. The appropriate model to represent the behavior of the response variables was selected considering the values of p<0,05; R2>0,80 and lack of fit > 0,05; being the cubic special model the one that better adjusted the data for protein and general acceptability; while for dietary fiber it was the quadratic model. It was determined that the optimal treatment was constituted by 4,12% oat bran; 10,04% pineapple shell powder and 17,18% quinoa flakes, having a protein content (11,37%), dietary fiber (13,28%) and general acceptability (7,47 points) which is equivalent to a very good perception.
La utilización subproductos agroindustriales y cereales andinos en elaboración de alimentos funcionales se evidencian en actuales investigaciones. Las barras de cereales se destacan como comidas rápidas de elevado valor nutricional. El objetivo de la investigación fue formular barras de cereales con ingredientes de estudio salvado de avena, polvo de cáscara de piña y copos de quinua; con valores adecuados de proteína, firmeza, aceptación sensorial, fibra dietética y compuestos fenólicos. Se aplicó diseño de mezclas simplex con centroide ampliado con rango de trabajo de 0 – 31,34%. Encontrándose efecto significativo del salvado de avena, polvo de cáscara de piña y copos de quinua, sobre las variables respuesta. El modelo apropiado para representar el comportamiento de las variables respuestas fue seleccionado considerando valores p < 0,05; R2 > 0,80 y falta de ajuste > 0,05; siendo el modelo especial cúbico el que mejor ajustó datos para proteína y aceptabilidad general; mientras que para fibra dietética fue el modelo cuadrático. Se determinó que el tratamiento óptimo fue constituido por 4,12% salvado de avena; 10,04% polvo cáscara de piña y 17,18% copos de quinua, presentando contenido de proteína (11,37%), fibra dietética (13,28%) y aceptabilidad general (7,47 puntos) que equivale a percepción muy bueno.
The protective effect of vitamins E (α-tocopherol) and C (
l-ascorbic acid) in the prevention of cardiovascular disease (CVD) has been shown in a number of situations but a secure correlation is not ...universally accepted. Under certain conditions, both,
l-ascorbic acid and α-tocopherol can exhibit antioxidant properties and thus may reduce the formation of oxidized small molecules, proteins and lipids, which are a possible cause of cellular de-regulation. However, non-antioxidant effects have also been suggested to play a role in the prevention of atherosclerosis. Vitamin E and C can modulate signal transduction and gene expression and thus affect many cellular reactions such as the proliferation of smooth muscle cells, the expression of cell adhesion and extracellular matrix molecules, the production of
O
2
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by NADPH-oxidase, the aggregation of platelets and the inflammatory response. Vitamins E and C may modulate the extracellular matrix environment by affecting VSMC differentiation and the expression of connective tissue proteins involved in vascular remodeling as well as the maintenance of vascular wall integrity. This review summarizes individually the molecular activities of vitamins E and C on the cells within the connective tissue of the vasculature, which are centrally involved in the maintenance of an intact vascular wall as well as in the repair of atherosclerotic lesions during disease development.
In this paper, we prove certain inequalities of the type
whered(n) is the divisor function and
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Background: Asparagus (Asparagus officinalis L.) green is a vegetable with a great demand worldwide, and likewise, it is highly perishable due to its high respiration rate that accelerates its ...senescence. Disinfection of vegetables after their harvest is an obligatory practice that can reduce losses by decomposition due to the attack of microorganisms. Therefore, it is vital to preserving its microbiological and sensory characteristics to reach the final consumer. Objective: To evaluate the effect of gaseous ozone (0 to 10 ppm) and storage time (0 to 30 days) on phenol content, overall appearance, count of molds, psychrophilic bacteria, and viable mesophilic aerobes. Methods: the response surface methodology was used, applying a rotatable central composite design. Results: The results indicated that there was a significant influence (p <0.05) of the independent variables on the characteristics studied, as well as an adequate lack of fit of the quadratic regression model (p> 0.05). By means of the contour superposition technique, it was determined that the optimal conditions for the highest retention of phenol content (16.99 mg/g) and overall appearance (7.61 points) and lower counts of viable aerobic mesophilic bacteria (5.3 x 103 CFU/g) they corresponded to 10 ppm of gaseous ozone up to 25.91 days of storage, with adequate quality characteristics in the shoots. Conclusion: the region of interest was determined for optimal retention of phenol content and overall appearance, and a lower count of viable aerobic mesophilic bacteria in green asparagus during postharvest, suggesting to use the initial application of ozone gas at 10 ppm allowing 25.9 days storage at 1 °C. The results indicate that this technology is a good alternative in the conservation of fresh vegetables.
A nivel mundial, Perú es uno de los principales productores de espárrago verde (Asparagus officinalis L.); este es un vegetal altamente perecible debido a su elevada velocidad de respiración y ...metabolismo, por lo que es muy importante conservar las características de calidad en los turiones, motivo por el cual se evaluó el efecto del ozono gaseoso (0 a 10 ppm) y tiempo de almacenamiento (0 a 30 días) sobre la pérdida de peso, luminosidad, firmeza, contenido de clorofila y contenido de lignina. Se utilizó la metodología de superficie de respuesta, aplicando un diseño compuesto central rotable. Los resultados indicaron que existió influencia significativa de las variables independientes sobre las características fisicoquímicas estudiadas, así como una adecuada bondad de ajuste del modelo de regresión cuadrático. Mediante la técnica de superposición de contornos se determinó que las condiciones óptimas para la mayor retención de firmeza (11,42 N), contenido de clorofila (12,33 mg/100 g) y contenido de lignina (7 mg/100 g) correspondieron a 6,98 ppm de ozono gaseoso hasta los 30 días de almacenamiento, con adecuadas características de calidad en los turiones.
Evaluate the effect of gaseous ozone on physicochemical characteristics, molds and yeasts count and overall appearance of granada. Wonderful variety fruits of granada was collected in a glass chamber ...where the gas is injected using ozone generator equipment with flow of 500 mg / h and a digital meter for measuring the ozone concentration. A central composite design rotable (CCDR) was used to analyze the effect of the concentration of ozone gas and storage time (p < 0.05) on weight loss, firmness, shell color, soluble solids, mold and yeasts count, total anthocyanins content and overall appearance. It was determined that the concentration of ozone gas had significant effect on the responses studied variables. The quadratic model provided the best fit of data. It was established that the concentration of ozone between 40 - 50 ppm, it allows for the lowest weight loss, low count of molds and yeasts; greater firmness, soluble solids, shell color, total anthocyanins content and overall appearance in Granada during 50 - 55 days of storage.DOI: 10.17268/sci.agropecu.2016.03.03
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