The effect of the dose UV-C irradiation and storage time on the physicochemical, microbiological and antioxidants characteristics of tropical fruits minimally processed was evaluated. The fruits were ...selected, classified, washed, and cut, which were subjected to immersion in calcium chloride (1% p/v) and ascorbic acid (1% p/v) combined solution for 1 min. Then, the fresh-cut fruits were subjected to doses UV-C irradiation (0. 7 and 14 kJ/m2 ). Finally, samples were packed in trays of polystyrene and covered with polyvinyl chloride film microperforated, and stored at 5 °C with relative humidity of 85 - 90%, during 15 days. Every five days, weight loss, color, soluble solids, firmness, count viable aerobic mesophilic bacteria, fungi and yeasts, total phenolic content, and total flavonoids were evaluated. The significant effect of the dose UV-C irradiation and storage time on the physicochemical, microbiological, and antioxidants characteristics evaluated in tropical fruits minimally processed was significant (p < 0.05). The dose of UV-C irradiation 7 kJ/m2 yielded the best physicochemical characteristics in mango and mamey, while the dose 14 kJ/m2 was in pineapple. The highest antioxidants characteristics and lowest microbiological count was obtained with the dose of UV-C irradiation 14 kJ/m2 during storage
O efeito da microencapsulaçao e da adiçao de casca de manga em pó na sobrevivencia de Lactobacillus acidophilus e Bifidobacterium lactis, overrun, viscosidade aparente e aceitabilidade geral de ...sorvete simbiótico durante o armazenamento a -20 °C por 180 dias foram avaliados. Foram elaboradas seis formulaçöes de sorvete com sabor de baunilha, dentre as quais tres foram adicionadas com culturas probióticas em uma concentraçao de 108 CFU/g e casca de manga em pó em 0, 2% e 3% microencapsuladas em uma matriz de alginato de sódio e as outras tres foram adicionadas livremente. Foram realizadas avaliaçöes analíticas em 1, 30, 60, 90, 120 e 180 dias de armazenamento. Os resultados mostraram que a microencapsulaçao de probióticos e prebióticos influenciaram estatisticamente (p < 0,05) os parâmetros avaliados. A formulaçao com probióticos microencapsulados e 2% de casca de manga em pó foi considerada como o melhor produto com uma futura aplicaçao comercial como alimento funcional, pois, aos 180 dias de armazenamento mantinha a populaçao probiótica acima de 106 UFC/g, 72,97% de overrun, 292 mPA de viscosidade aparente e obteve uma boa aceitaçao geral (média de 7,6 pontos).
El objetivo del presente estudio fue evaluar el efecto del ozono gaseoso sobre las características fisicoquímicas, recuento mohos y levaduras y apariencia general de granada. Se trabajó con frutos de ...granada variedad Wonderful acopiados en una cámara de vidrio donde se inyectó el gas utilizando un equipo generador de ozono con flujo de 500 mg / h, y un medidor digital para cuantificar la concentración de ozono. Se utilizó un diseño compuesto central rotable (DCCR) para analizar el efecto de la concentración de ozono gaseoso y tiempo de almacenamiento (p < 0,05) sobre la pérdida de peso, firmeza, color en cáscara, sólidos solubles, recuento mohos y levaduras, contenido de antocianinas totales y apariencia general. Se determinó que la concentración de ozono gaseoso tuvo efecto significativo en las variables respuestas estudiadas. El modelo cuadrático presentó el mejor ajuste de datos. Se estableció que la concentración de ozono entre 40 - 50 ppm permitió obtener la menor pérdida de peso, bajo recuento de mohos y levaduras; mayor firmeza, contenido de sólidos solubles, color en cáscara, contenido de antocianinas totales y apariencia general en granada durante 50 - 55 días de almacenamiento
Objective- Perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) contributes to vascular homeostasis by producing paracrine factors. Previously, we reported that selective deletion of PPARγ (peroxisome ...proliferator-activated receptor γ) in vascular smooth muscle cells resulted in concurrent loss of PVAT and enhanced atherosclerosis in mice. To address the causal relationship between loss of PVAT and atherosclerosis, we used BA-PPARγ-KO (brown adipocyte-specific PPARγ knockout) mice. Approach and Results- Deletion of PPARγ in brown adipocytes did not affect PPARγ in white adipocytes or vascular smooth muscle cells or PPARα and PPARδ expression in brown adipocytes. However, development of PVAT and interscapular brown adipose tissue was remarkably impaired, associated with reduced expression of genes encoding lipogenic enzymes in the BA-PPARγ-KO mice. Thermogenesis in brown adipose tissue was significantly impaired with reduced expression of thermogenesis genes in brown adipose tissue and compensatory increase in subcutaneous and gonadal white adipose tissues. Remarkably, basal expression of inflammatory genes and macrophage infiltration in PVAT and brown adipose tissue were significantly increased in the BA-PPARγ-KO mice. BA-PPARγ-KO mice were crossbred with ApoE KO (apolipoprotein E knockout) mice to investigate the development of atherosclerosis. Flow cytometry analysis confirmed increased systemic and PVAT inflammation. Consequently, atherosclerotic lesions were significantly increased in mice with impaired PVAT development, thus indicating that the lack of normal PVAT is sufficient to drive increased atherosclerosis. Conclusions- PPARγ is required for functional PVAT development. PPARγ deficiency in PVAT, while still expressed in vascular smooth muscle cell, enhances atherosclerosis and results in vascular and systemic inflammation, providing new insights on the specific roles of PVAT in atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease at large.
Perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) surrounds most vessels and shares common features with brown adipose tissue (BAT). Although adaptive thermogenesis in BAT increases energy expenditure and is ...beneficial for metabolic diseases, little is known about the role of PVAT in vascular diseases such as atherosclerosis. We hypothesize that the thermogenic function of PVAT regulates intravascular temperature and reduces atherosclerosis.
PVAT shares similar structural and proteomics with BAT. We demonstrated that PVAT has thermogenic properties similar to BAT in response to cold stimuli in vivo. Proteomics analysis of the PVAT from mice housed in a cold environment identified differential expression in proteins highly related to cellular metabolic processes. In a mouse model deficient in peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ in smooth muscle cells (SMPG KO mice), we uncovered a complete absence of PVAT surrounding the vasculature, likely caused by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ deletion in the perivascular adipocyte precursor cells as well. Lack of PVAT, which results in loss of its thermogenic activity, impaired vascular homeostasis, which caused temperature loss and endothelial dysfunction. We further showed that cold exposure inhibits atherosclerosis and improves endothelial function in mice with intact PVAT but not in SMPG KO mice as a result of impaired lipid clearance. Proinflammatory cytokine expression in PVAT is not altered on exposure to cold. Finally, prostacyclin released from PVAT contributes to the vascular protection against endothelial dysfunction.
PVAT is a vasoactive organ with functional characteristics similar to BAT and is essential for intravascular thermoregulation of cold acclimation. This thermogenic capacity of PVAT plays an important protective role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis.
Electrophilic nitro-fatty acids (NO2-FAs) are endogenously formed by redox reactions of nitric oxide ((.)NO)- and nitrite ((.)NO2)- derived nitrogen dioxide with unsaturated fatty acids. Nitration ...preferentially occurs on polyunsaturated fatty acids with conjugated dienes under physiological or pathophysiological conditions such as during digestion, metabolism and as adaptive inflammatory processes. Nitro-fatty acids are present in free and esterified forms achieving broad biodistribution in humans and experimental models. Structural, functional and biological characterization of NO2-FAs has revealed clinically relevant protection from inflammatory injury in a number of cardiovascular, renal and metabolic experimental models. NO2-FAs are engaged in posttranslational modifications (PTMs) of a selective redox sensitive pool of proteins and regulate key adaptive signaling pathways involved in cellular homeostasis and inflammatory response. Here, we review and update the biosynthesis, metabolism and signaling actions of NO2-FAs, highlighting their diverse protective roles relevant to the cardiovascular system.
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPAR) and liver X receptors (LXR) regulate a plethora of biologic processes and key metabolic and physiologic events. Deregulation of their transcription ...and activity is commonly associated with dyslipidemic disorders, diabetes, cancer, and cardiovascular disease. This review addresses recent advances in our understanding of the molecular mechanisms regulating transcription of these nuclear receptors. The heterogeneity of factors regulating their transcription and activity suggests intricate regulatory networks that determine their tissue expression pattern and their responses to pharmacologic agents. Understanding such mechanisms will facilitate unraveling their protective effects in disease as well as the design of effective targeted therapies.
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